Imidazo 4,5-c pyridine compounds and methods of antiviral treatment

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of viral infections comprising as an active principle at least one imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine prodrug having the general Formula (A) wherein the substituents are described in the specification. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation and screening ofcompounds according to the invention having above mentioned general Formula and their use in the treatment or prophylaxis of viral infections.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National Stage of International ApplicationNo. PCT/US2004/043112, filed Dec. 21, 2004, which, in turn, claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/532,292(filed Dec. 22, 2003), 60/533,963 (filed Jan. 2, 2004), 60/591,069(filed Jul. 26, 2004), 60/591,024 (filed Jul. 26, 2004), 60/590,989(filed Jul. 26, 2004), and 60/590,990 (filed Jul. 26, 2004); thedisclosures of each are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a series of novelimidazo[4,5-c]pyridine compounds, processes for their preparation, theiruse to treat or prevent viral infections and their use to manufacture amedicine to treat or prevent viral infections, particularly infectionswith viruses belonging to the family of the Flaviviridae andPicornaviridae and more preferably infections with hepatitis-C-virus(HCV).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The family of the Flaviviridae consists of 3 genera, the pestiviruses,the flaviviruses and the hepaciviruses and also contains the hepatitis Gvirus (HGV/GBV-C) that has not yet been assigned to a genus.Pestiviruses such as the Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), the BovineViral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and the Border Disease Virus (BDV) causeinfections of domestic livestock (respectively pigs, cattle and sheep)and are responsible for significant economic losses world-wide. BVDV,the prototypic representative of the pestivirus genus is ubiquitous andcauses a range of clinical manifestations, including abortion,teratogenesis, respiratory problems, chronic wasting disease, immunesystem dysfunction, and predisposition to secondary viral and bacterialinfections and may also cause acute fatal disease. Fetuses of cattle canbe infected persistently with BVDV, these animals remain viremicthroughout life and serve as a continuous source for virus spread inherds.

Vaccines are used in some countries with varying degrees of success tocontrol pestivirus disease. In other countries, animal culling andslaughter are used to contain pestivirus disease outbreaks.

The World Health Organization estimates that world-wide 170 millionpeople (3% of the world's population) are chronically infected with HCV.These chronic carriers are at risk of developing cirrhosis and/or livercancer. In studies with a 10 to 20 year follow-up, cirrhosis developedin 20-30% of the patients, 1 to 5% of who may develop liver cancerduring the next then years. The only treatment option available today isthe use of interferon α-2 (or its pegylated from) either alone orcombined with ribavirin. However, sustained response is only observed inabout 40% of the patients and treatment is associated with seriousadverse effects. There is thus an urgent need for potent and selectiveinhibitors of the replication of the HCV in order to treat infectionswith HCV. Furthermore, the study of specific inhibitors of HCVreplication has been hampered by the fact that it is not possible topropagate HCV (efficiently) in cell culture. Since HCV and pestivirusesbelong to the same virus family and share many similarities(organization of the genome, analogous gene products and replicationcycle), pestiviruses have been adopted as a model and surrogate for HCV.For example, BVDV is closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and usedas a surrogate virus in drug development for HCV infection.

The compound3-[((2-dipropylamino)ethyl)thio]-5H-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indole has beenreported to selectively inhibit the replication of BVDV and otherpestiviruses (Baginski S G et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000Jul. 5; 97(14):7981-6). Currently, there is no treatment strategyavailable for controlling infections caused by pestiviruses.

Coxsackie viruses belong to the group of the enteroviruses, family ofthe Picornaviridae. They cause a heterogeneous group of infectionsincluding herpangina, aseptic meningitis, a common-cold-like syndrome, anon-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (anacute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics),hand-foot-mouth syndrome, pediatric and adult pancreatitis and seriousmyocarditis.

Currently only pleconaril(3-13,5-dimethyl-4-[[3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)propyl]phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole))and enviroxime (2-amino-1-(isopropylsulfonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenylketone oxime) have been studied clinically for the treatment ofinfections with enteroviruses. Pleconaril is a so called “capsidfunction-inhibitor”; enviroxime prevents the formation of the RNAreplicative intermediate. Enviroxime resulted in only modest clinicaland virological benefit in some studies and no benefits in others.Clinical response with pleconaril has been observed in some studies, butthe compound has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration(hearing of Mar. 18, 2002).

Relevant disclosures include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,914,108; 4,988,707;4,990,518; 5,137,896; 5,208,242; 5,227,384; 5,302,601; 5,374,638;5,405,964; 5,438,063; 5,486,525; 6,479,508; and U.S. Patent PublicationNo. US2003/0108862 A1, Canadian Patent No. 2423800 A1, German PatentNos. 4211474 A1, 4236026, 4309969, 4318813, European Patent Nos. EP 0138 552 A2, EP 0 706 795 A2, EP 1 132 381 A1, Great Britain Patent No.2158440 A, PCT Patent Publication Nos. WO 00/20416, WO 00/39127, WO00/40583, WO 03/007945 A1, WO 03/010140 A2, WO 03/010141 A2, WO93/02080, WO 93/14072, WO 96/11192, WO 96/12703, WO 99/27929, Akamatsu,et al., New Efficient Route for Solid-Phase Synthesis of BenzimidazoleDerivatives”, 4:475-483, J. COMB. CHEM, 2002, Cleve et al., “Derivatedes Imidazo[4,5-b]- und Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridins”, 747:158-171, JUSTUSLIEBIGS AANALEN DER CHEMICA, 1971, Kiyama, et al., “Synthesis andEvaluation of Novel Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists:Imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine Derivatives with an Aromatic Substituent”,43(3):450-60, CHEM PHARM BULL, 1995, Mederski et al., “Synthesis andStructural Assignment of Some N-substituted ImidazopyridineDerivatives”, 48(48):10549-58, TETRAHEDRON, 1992, Yutilov et al.,23(1):56-9, KHIMIKO-FARMATSEVTICHESKII ZHURNAL, 1989. The disclosures ofall citations set forth herein are expressly incorporated by referenceto the extent such disclosures are relevant to the contents herein.

A need exists for compounds having antiviral and other desirableproperties, such as bioavailability, efficacy, nontoxicity, optimalclearance, potency and the like. In particular, a need exists forcompounds having selective activity against viruses belonging to thefamily of Flaviviridae including hepatitis C virus, and against virusesbelonging to the family of Picornaviridae. These and other objects ofthis invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art fromconsideration of this specification as a whole.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention provides compounds having thegeneral formula (A),

wherein:

the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that no twodouble bonds are adjacent to one another, and that the dotted linesrepresent at least 3, optionally 4 double bonds;

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, aryl, heterocyclic, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀thioalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl-amino, C₁-C₁₀ dialkyl-amino, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, wherein each are optionallysubstituted with 1 or more R⁶;

Y is selected from single bond, O, S(O)_(m), NR¹¹, or C₁₋₁₀ alkylene,C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene, wherein each may optionally include1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N;

R² and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH,—CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, SH,aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, or heterocyclic, provided that whenone of R²⁵ or R²⁶ is present, then either R² or R⁴ is selected from(═O), (═S), and ═NR²⁷;

X is selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene or C₂₋₁₀alkynylene, where each may include one or more heteroatoms selected fromO, S, or N, provided any such heteroatom is not adjacent to the N in thering;

m is any integer from 0 to 2;

R³ is selected from aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,cycloalkynyl, aryl-N(R¹⁰)—, or heterocyclic, where each said substituentmay be optionally substituted with at least one R¹⁷, provided that forcycloalkenyl the double bond is not adjacent to a nitrogen, and providedR³-M-Q is not biphenyl;

R⁵ is selected from hydrogen; C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl,C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)OR⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, SH, aryl,aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀cycloalkynyl, or heterocyclic;

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl,C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone,C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈halo-alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, OH, CN, cyanoalkyl, —CO₂R¹⁸, NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C(═O)R¹⁸, C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl,aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈hydroxyalkyl, where each may be optionally substituted with at least 1R¹⁹;

R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₁₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic,—C(═O)R¹²; —C(═S)R¹², an amino acid residue linked through a carboxylgroup thereof, or where R⁷ and R⁸ together with the nitrogen form aheterocyclic;

R⁹ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl,C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy,—NR¹⁵R¹⁶, aryl, an amino acid residue linked through an amino group ofthe amino acid, CH₂OCH(═O)R^(9a), or CH₂OC(═O)OR^(9a) where R^(9a) isC₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₀ alkylaryl or C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, aryl, —C(═O)R¹², heterocyclic, or an amino acid residue;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl,C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, or an aminoacid residue;

R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, —C(═O)R¹²,—C(═S)R¹², or an amino acid residue;

R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, oran amino acid residue;

R¹⁷ is independently M-Q- wherein M is a ring optionally substitutedwith 1 or more R¹⁹, and Q is a bond or a linking group connecting M toR³ having 1 to 10 atoms and optionally substituted with 1 or more R¹⁹;

R¹⁹ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₁₋₁₈alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl,halogen, —OH, —CN, cyanoalkyl, —NO₂, —NR²⁰R²¹, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₈haloalkyloxy, —C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═O)OR¹⁸, —OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸,—OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹, —OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), aryl, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈alkylsulfone,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈alkyl)oxy, arylthio, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio or aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl, whereeach may be optionally substituted with 1 or more ═O, NR²⁰R²¹, CN, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, heterocyclicconnected to R¹⁷ by alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy or halogen;

R²⁰ and R²¹ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,—C(═O)R¹², or —C(═S)R¹²;

R²² is selected from hydrogen, —OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, —NR²³R²⁴, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl;

R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, or aheterocyclic formed by taking C₂₋₃ alkyl together with N of R²², whichheterocyclic is optionally substituted with OH or aryl, or an amino acidresidue linked through a carboxyl group of the amino acid;

R²⁵ and R²⁶ are not present, or are independently selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclic, where eachis optionally independently substituted with 1 to 4 of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, CH₂OH, benzyloxy, and OH; and

R²⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, and aryl C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, and

salts, tautomers, isomers and solvates thereof.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds havingthe general formula (A),

wherein:

the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that no twodouble bonds are adjacent to one another, and that the dotted linesrepresent at least 3, optionally 4 double bonds;

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, aryl, heterocyclic, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀thioalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl-amino, C₁-C₁₀ dialkyl-amino, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, wherein each are optionallysubstituted with 1 or more R⁶;

Y is selected from single bond, O, S(O)_(m), NR¹¹, or C₁₋₁₀ alkylene,C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene, wherein each may optionally include1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N;

R² and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH,—CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, SH,aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, or heterocyclic, provided that whenone of R²⁵ or R²⁶ is present, then either R² or R⁴ is selected from(═O), (═S), and ═NR²⁷;

X is selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene or C₂₋₁₀alkynylene, where each may include one or more heteroatoms selected fromO, S, or N, provided any such heteroatom is not adjacent to the N in thering;

m is any integer from 0 to 2;

R³ is a heterocycle optionally substituted with at least one R¹⁷provided, however, that R³ optionally substituted with at least one R¹⁷is not pyridinyl or 5-chlorothienyl, provided that R³-MQ is notbiphenyl;

R⁵ is selected from hydrogen; C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl,C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)OR⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, SH, aryl,aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀cycloalkynyl, or heterocyclic;

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl,heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈alkylsulfone, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkynyl,C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, OH, CN, cyanoalkyl, —CO₂R¹⁸,NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C(═O)R¹⁸, C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, aryl, aryloxy,arylthio, arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl,aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, whereeach may be optionally substituted with at least 1 R¹⁹;

R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₁₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic,—C(═O)R¹²; —C(═S)R¹², an amino acid residue linked through a carboxylgroup thereof, or where R⁷ and R⁸ together with the nitrogen form aheterocyclic;

R⁹ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl,C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy,—NR¹⁵R¹⁶, aryl, an amino acid residue linked through an amino group ofthe amino acid, CH₂OCH(═O)R^(9a), or CH₂OC(═O)OR^(9a) where R^(9a) isC₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₀ alkylaryl or C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, aryl, —C(═O)R¹², heterocyclic, or an amino acid residue;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl,C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, or an aminoacid residue;

R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, —C(═O)R¹²,—C(═S)R¹², or an amino acid residue;

R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, oran amino acid residue;

R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈alkylthio, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone, C₁₋₁₈ halogenatedalkyl, C₂₋₁₈ halogenated alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halogenated alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈halogenated alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ halogenated alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, OH, CN, CO₂H, CO₂R¹⁸, NO₂,NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyl, C(═O)R¹⁸, C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy,arylalkylthio, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, where each of saidaryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide,arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, arylalkylthio, heterocycle, or C₁₋₁₈hydroxyalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 or more R¹⁹;

R¹⁹ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₁₋₁₈alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl,halogen, —OH, —CN, cyanoalkyl, —NO₂, —NR²⁰R²¹, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₈haloalkyloxy, —C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═O)OR¹⁸, —OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸,—OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹, —OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), aryl, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈alkylsulfone,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈alkyl)oxy, arylthio, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio or aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl, whereeach may be optionally substituted with 1 or more ═O, NR²⁰R²¹, CN, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, heterocyclicconnected to R¹⁷ by alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy or halogen;

R²⁰ and R²¹ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,—C(═O)R¹², carboxylester-substituted heterocyclic or —C(═S)R¹²;

R²² is selected from hydrogen, —OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, —NR²³R²⁴, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl;

R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, or aheterocyclic formed by taking C₂₋₃ alkyl together with N of R²², whichheterocyclic is optionally substituted with OH or aryl, or an amino acidresidue linked through a carboxyl group of the amino acid;

R²⁵ and R²⁶ are not present, or are independently selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclic, where eachis optionally independently substituted with 1 to 4 of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, CH₂OH, benzyloxy, and OH; and

R²⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, and aryl C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, and

the salts, tautomers, isomers and solvates thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention provides compounds having thegeneral formula (A),

wherein:

the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that no twodouble bonds are adjacent to one another, and that the dotted linesrepresent at least 3, optionally 4 double bonds;

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, aryl, heterocyclic, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀thioalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl-amino, C₁-C₁₀ dialkyl-amino, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, wherein each are optionallysubstituted with 1 or more R⁶;

Y is selected from single bond, O, S(O)_(m), NR¹¹, or C₁₋₁₀ alkylene,C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene, wherein each may optionally include1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N;

R² and R⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH,—CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, SH,aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, or heterocyclic, provided that whenone of R²⁵ or R²⁶ is present, then either R² or R⁴ is selected from(═O), (═S), and ═NR²⁷;

X is selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene or C₂₋₁₀alkynylene, where each may include one or more heteroatoms selected fromO, S, or N, provided any such heteroatom is not adjacent to the N in thering;

m is any integer from 0 to 2;

R³ is a heterocycle optionally substituted with at least one R¹⁷,provided R³-M-Q is not biphenyl;

R⁵ is selected from hydrogen; C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl,C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)OR⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, SH, aryl,aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀cycloalkynyl, or heterocyclic;

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl,C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone,C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈halo-alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, OH, CN, cyanoalkyl, —CO₂R¹⁸, NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C(═O)R¹⁸, C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl,aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈hydroxyalkyl, where each may be optionally substituted with at least 1R¹⁹;

R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₁₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic,—C(═O)R¹²; —C(═S)R¹², an amino acid residue linked through a carboxylgroup thereof, or where R⁷ and R⁸ together with the nitrogen form aheterocyclic;

R⁹ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl,C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy,—NR¹⁵R¹⁶, aryl, an amino acid residue linked through an amino group ofthe amino acid, CH₂OCH(═O)R^(9a), or CH₂C(═O)OR^(9a) where R^(9a) isC₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₀ alkylaryl or C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, aryl, —C(═O)R¹², heterocyclic, or an amino acid residue;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl,C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, or an aminoacid residue;

R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, —C(═O)R¹²,—C(═S)R¹², or an amino acid residue;

R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, oran amino acid residue;

R¹⁷ is M-Q-, wherein M is a C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with1 or more R¹⁹, and Q is a bond, or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl optionally substitutedwith 1 or more R¹⁹;

R¹⁹ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₁₋₁₈alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl,halogen, —OH, —CN, cyanoalkyl, —NO₂, —NR²⁰R²¹, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₈haloalkyloxy, —C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═O)OR¹⁸, —OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸,—OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹, —OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), aryl, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈alkylsulfone,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈alkyl)oxy, arylthio, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio or aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl, whereeach may be optionally substituted with 1 or more ═O, NR²⁰R²¹, CN, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, heterocyclic, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, heterocyclic alkyl, heterocyclicconnected to R¹⁷ by alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy or halogen;

R²⁰ and R²¹ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,—C(═O)R¹², or —C(═S)R¹²;

R²² is selected from hydrogen, —OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, —NR²³R²⁴, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl;

R²³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, or aheterocyclic formed by taking C₂₋₃ alkyl together with N of R²², whichheterocyclic is optionally substituted with OH or aryl, or an amino acidresidue linked through a carboxyl group of the amino acid;

R²⁵ and R²⁶ are not present, or are independently selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclic, where eachis optionally independently substituted with 1 to 4 of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, CH₂OH, benzyloxy, and OH; and

R²⁷ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, and aryl C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, and

the salts, tautomers, isomers and solvates thereof.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides compoundshaving the formula (B),

wherein:

the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that no twodouble bonds are adjacent to one another, and that the dotted linesrepresent at least 3, optionally 4 double bonds; and R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵,R²⁵, R²⁶, X and Y are as disclosed above.

An embodiment of the present invention provides compounds of the formula(B) wherein Y is a single bond, and R¹ is aryl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (B) wherein X is C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene or C₂₋₁₀alkynylene.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (B) wherein R³ is heterocylic.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (B) wherein R³ is heterocyclic substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is aryl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (B) wherein Y is a single bond, and R¹ is phenyl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (B) wherein R³ is isoxazole substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is aryl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (B) wherein R³ is isoxazole substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is phenyl.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides compoundshaving the formula (C),

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R²⁵, R²⁶, X and Y are as disclosed above.

An embodiment of the present invention provides compounds of the formula(C) wherein Y is a single bond, and R¹ is aryl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (C) wherein X is C₁-C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene or C₂₋₁₀alkynylene.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (C) wherein R³ is heterocylic.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (C) wherein R³ is heterocyclic substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is aryl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (C) wherein Y is a single bond, and R¹ is phenyl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (C) wherein R³ is isoxazole substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is aryl.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds offormula (C) wherein R³ is isoxazole substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is phenyl.

The compounds of formula (A) are optionally combined withpharmacologically acceptable excipients.

The compounds of formula (A) are administered in therapeuticallyeffective amounts to subjects (humans or animals) in need of antiviraltherapy, in particular for inhibiting the infection, growth orreplication of Flaviviridae and Picornaviridae, especially BVDV, HCV andCoxsackie virus.

The invention further relates to a method of screening antiviralcompounds which comprises providing a compound of formula (A) anddetermining the anti-viral activity of said compound.

Also within the scope of the invention is a metabolite of the compoundsof formula (A) made by the process of administering a compound offormula (A) to a subject and recovering the metabolite from the subject.

The invention also comprises a method for structure-activitydetermination of analogues of formula (A) compounds

wherein the substituents are defined in WO 2004/005286, comprising

-   -   (A) preparing a compound of formula (A) in which at least one        substituent is not disclosed by WO 2004/005286; and    -   (B) determining the anti-HCV activity of the compound of step        (a).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

“Alkyl” means saturated hydrocarbon moiety where the moiety may beacyclic, cyclic or a combination of acyclic and cyclic portions. Theacyclic portion may contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and each ring maycontain 3 to 6 carbon atoms (for example, 3-methylcyclohexyl). Withinthis definition, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to the saturatedhydrocarbon moieties that are cyclic. Examples of “alkyl” includemethyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu),2-butyl (s-Bu) 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl), 2-pentyl,3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl,2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl,3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl,2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and the like, or aC₇₋₁₀ polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon radical having from 7 to 10carbon atoms such as, for instance, norbornyl, fenchyl,trimethyltricycloheptyl or adamantyl.

“Alkenyl” means a hydrocarbon moiety with at least one site of doublebond unsaturation where the moiety may be acyclic, cyclic or acombination of acyclic and cyclic portions. The acyclic portion maycontain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and each cyclic portion may contain 3 to 6carbon atoms. A site of double bond unsaturation may be in a acyclicportion, a cyclic portion. In the instance of a moiety having acombination of acyclic and cyclic portions, there may be a site ofdouble bond unsaturation in each of the portions. Within thisdefinition, the term “cycloalkenyl” refers to the double bondunsaturated hydrocarbon moieties that are cyclic. Examples the term“alkenyl” include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl (—CH═CH₂),allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), cyclopentenyl (—C₅H₇), 5-hexenyl(—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH═CH₂), 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl,1-cyclopent-3-enyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, and1-cyclohex-3-enyl. The double bond optionally is in the cis or transconfiguration.

“Alkynyl” means a hydrocarbon moiety with a least one site of triplebond unsaturation where the moiety may be acyclic, cyclic or acombination of acyclic and cyclic portions. The acyclic portion maycontain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and each cyclic portion may contain 7 ormore carbon atoms. Within this definition, the term “cycloalkynl” refersto triple bond unsaturated hydrocarbon moieties that are cyclic.Examples of the term “alkynyl” include, but are not limited to, —C≡CH,—CH₂C≡CH, —CH₂C≡C-cyclohexyl, or —CH₂-cycloheptynyl.

The suffix “-ene” used in connection with alkyl, alkenyl and alkynylgroups refers to such groups with at least 2 sites of substitution. Suchpolyvalent hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to,methylene (—CH₂—) 1,2-ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), 1,3-propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—),1,4-butylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), 1,2-ethylene (—CH═CH—), —C□C—, propargyl(—CH₂C□C—), and 4-pentynyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂C□CH—).

“Aryl” means an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 1 or more rings,generally 1, 2 or 3, with 4 to 6 carbon atoms in each, ordinarily 5 or 6carbon atoms.

“Arylalkyl,” “arylalkenyl” and “arylalkynyl” means an alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl radical, respectively, in which one of the hydrogen atoms,typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with an arylradical. Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to,benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl,2-naphthylethan-1-yl, 2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl,2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and the like.

As noted, carbocycles optionally are found as single rings or multiplering systems. Ordinarily the hydrocarbons of the compounds of formula(A) are single rings. Monocyclic carbocycles generally have 3 to 6 ringatoms, still more typically 5 or 6 ring atoms. Bicyclic carbocyclestypically have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g. arranged as a bicyclo [4,5],[5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as abicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.

If the number of carbon atoms is unspecified for a hydrocarbon,typically the number of carbon atoms will range from 1 to 18, exceptthat the number of carbons typically will range from 2 to 18 forunsaturated hydrocarbons and from 6 to 10 for aryl.

“Heterocyclic” or “heterocycle” means any 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 memberedsingle or fused ring system containing one or more heteroatoms selectedfrom the group consisting of O, N or S. Heterocycles optionally areentirely aromatic, entirely saturated, or contain 1 or more intra-ringsites of unsaturation, typically double bonds. Multiple heterocyclicrings (one or more of which contains a heteroatom) are bridged or spiro.Generally, the heterocyclic rings will be aromatic, and usually they aresingle rings. Examples of heterocycles include oxazacyloalkyl,morpholinyl, dioxacycloalkyl, thiacycloalkenyl, pyridyl,dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl,tetrahydrothiophenyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyranyl, pyrazolyl,pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl,thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl,pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, bis-tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,bis-tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, azocinyl, triazinyl,6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, thianthrenyl, pyranyl,isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl,isothiazolyl, isothiazoledinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolinyl, pyrazinyl,pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, indolizinyl,isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, 1H-indazoly, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl,isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl,quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl,β-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, isochromanyl,chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl,piperazinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinuclidinyl, oxazolidinyl,benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, oxindolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzothienyl,benzothiazolyl and isatinoyl. Other suitable heterocycles areexemplified in Rigaudy et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry,Sections A-H (1979) at pp. 53-76 and Fletcher et al., Nomenclature ofOrganic Compounds, Adv. Chem. Ser. 126 (1974) at pp 49-64.

The location on the heterocycle which provides the point ofattachment(s) to the rest of the compound of this invention is notcritical, but those skilled in the art will recognize substitution sitesthat are optimal for compound stability and/or ease of synthesis. Carbonbonded heterocycles typically are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 ofa pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3,4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole ortetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole orthiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole,position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine,position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline. Still more typically, carbon bondedheterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl,6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl,2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl,3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or5-thiazolyl.

Nitrogen containing heterocycles are bonded at nitrogen or a carbon,typically a carbon atom. These include, for example, position 1 ofaziridine, 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl,1-pyrazolyl, 1-piperidinyl, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, 2-imidazoline,3-imidazoline, 9-carbazole, 4-morpholine, 9-alpha or β-carboline,2-isoindole, 2-pyrazoline and 3-pyrazoline, and by analogy, azetidine,pyrrole, pyrrolidine piperidine, piperazine, indole, pyrazoline,indoline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 1H-indazole and isoindoline. Theseand other N-containing heterocycles are well-known to those skilled inthe art, and their linkage sites are a matter of discretion.

Sulfur containing heterocycles are bonded through carbon or sulfur. Theyinclude oxidized states such as —S(═O)(═O). In general, they are linkedin the compounds of formula (A) analogous to N-containing heterocycles.

“Alkoxy”, “cycloalkoxy”, “aryloxy”, “arylalkyloxy”, “oxy heterocycle”,“thioalkyl”, “thiocycloalkyl”, “arylthio”, and “arylalkylthio” meanssubstituents wherein an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl,respectively, are attached to an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom through asingle bond, such as but not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,butoxy, thioethyl, thiomethyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, mercaptobenzyl andthe like.

“Halogen” means any atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine,chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Any substituent designation that is found in more than one site in acompound of this invention shall be independently selected.

When a group is stated to be substituted with “one or more” of anothergroup, this typically means 1 to 3 substituents, ordinarily 1, 2 or 3substitutents.

Those of skill in the art will also recognize that the compounds of theinvention may exist in many different protonation states, depending on,among other things, the pH of their environment. While the structuralformulae provided herein depict the compounds in only one of severalpossible protonation states, it will be understood that these structuresare illustrative only, and that the invention is not limited to anyparticular protonation state—any and all protonated forms of thecompounds are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

Amino Acids

“Amino-acid” refers to a radical derived from a molecule having thechemical formula H₂N—CHR²⁸—COOH, wherein R²⁸ is a side group of anaturally-occurring or known synthetic amino-acid. The amino acidsoptionally are substituted with hydrocarbon typically of 1 to 8 carbonsat one or more carboxyl or amino groups, whether those groups are on theside chain or are free after linking the amino acid to the remainder ofthe compound of this invention.

Optionally the amino acid residue is a hydrophobic residue such as mono-or di-alkyl or aryl amino acids, cycloalkylamino acids and the like.Optionally, the residue does not contain a sulfhydryl or guanidinosubstituent.

Naturally-occurring amino acid residues are those residues foundnaturally in plants, animals or microbes, especially proteins thereof.Polypeptides most typically will be substantially composed of suchnaturally-occurring amino acid residues. These amino acids are glycine,alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine,methionine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, hydroxylysine,arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline,asparagine, glutamine and hydroxyproline. Additionally, unnatural aminoacids, for example, valanine, phenylglycine and homoarginine are alsoincluded.

Generally, only one of any site in the parental molecule is substitutedwith an amino acid, although it is within the scope of this invention tointroduce amino acids at more than one permitted site. In general, theα-amino or α-carboxyl group of the amino acid are bonded to theremainder of the molecule, i.e., carboxyl or amino groups in the aminoacid side chains generally are not used to form the amide bonds with theparental compound (although these groups may need to be protected duringsynthesis of the conjugates).

The amino acid esters optionally are hydrolyzable in vivo or in vitrounder acidic (pH<3) or basic (pH>10) conditions. Optionally, they aresubstantially stable in the gastrointestinal tract of humans but arehydrolyzed enzymatically in blood or in intracellular environments.

R²⁸ usually is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl substituted with amino,carboxyl, amide, carboxyl (as well as esters, as noted above), hydroxyl,C₆-C₇ aryl, guanidinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, sulfhydryl, sulfoxide,and/or alkylphosphate. R²⁸ also is nitrogen to form a proline residuetaken together with the amino acid α-However, R²⁸ is generally the sidegroup of the naturally-occurring amino acid disclosed above, for exampleH, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂, —CHCH₃—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—C₆H₅,—CH₂CH₂—S—CH₃, —CH₂OH, —CH(OH)—CH₃, —CH₂—SH, —CH₂—C₆H₄OH, —CH₂—CO—NH₂,—CH₂—CH₂—CO—NH₂, —CH₂—COOH, —CH₂—CH₂—COOH, —(CH₂)₄—NH₂ and—(CH₂)₃—NH—C(NH₂)—NH₂. R²⁸ also includes 1-guanidinoprop-3-yl, benzyl,4-hydroxybenzyl, imidazol-4-yl, indol-3-yl, methoxyphenyl andethoxyphenyl.

Exemplary Embodiments

R¹ is generally aryl or aromatic heterocyle substituted with 1, 2 or 3R⁶ wherein R⁶ is halogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy; or C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl. Typically,R¹ is phenyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens, usually fluoro.

Y generally is a single bond, O, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆alkynylene or one of said groups containing 1 to 3, usually 1,heteroatoms selected from O, S or NR¹¹. Examples include —O(CH₂)₁₋₅—,—(CH₂)₁₋₄—O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—, —S—(CH₂)₁₋₅—, —(CH₂)₁₋₄—S—(CH₂)₁₋₄—,—NR¹¹—(CH₂)₁₋₅—, —(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR¹¹—(CH₂)₁₋₄ or C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylidene.Typically, Y is —OCH₂—, —CH₂O—, C₁₋₂ alkylene, C₂₋₃ alkenylene, C₂₋₃alkynylene, O or a bond, but usually a bond.

In general, YR¹ is not any one of H, an unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylor C1-C6 alkyl. Typically YR¹ is halo or halomethyl-substituted(typically trihalomethyl)phenyl (and usually 1 to 2 substituents inortho or meta).

X usually is alkylene, alkynylene or alkenylene, typically alkylene, orsaid hydrocarbons having an intrachain heteroatom, typically O or S.Examples include —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—,—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂, —(CH₂)₂₋₄—O—(CH₂)₂₋₄—, —(CH₂)₂₋₄—S—(CH₂)₂₋₄—,—(CH₂)₂₋₄—NR¹⁰—(CH₂)₂₋₄—, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylidene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene (suchas —CH═CH—CH₂—) and C₂₋₆ alkynylene. Usually, X is methylene.

R³ generally is aryl or a heterocycle, typically an aromaticheterocycle. The heterocycle generally will contain 1, 2 or 3 N, S or Oatoms in the ring, usually is linked to X through a ring carbon atom andtypically contains 4 to 6, usually 5, total ring atoms. The R³ aryl orheterocycle ordinarily is substituted with 1, 2 or 3, usually 1, R¹⁷. R³optionally is not indolyl.

When R³ is substituted with R¹⁷ then R¹⁷ typically is aryl or aheterocycle further substituted with 1 or more, usually 1, 2 or 3, R¹⁹.

R¹⁷ is M-Q in some embodiments of the invention. M is a ring. This meansany cyclic organic structure, whether carbocyclic or heterocyclic, andwhether saturated, unsaturated or aromatic or single or fused ringsystems. M is chosen from rings that are structurally stable inbiological systems. In general, M is a aryl or aromatic heterocyclewhere heterocycle is defined above.

Q is a spacer group, and is not critical. Typically it is not cyclic andcontains from no to 3 atoms, generally C, O or S, usually C or O.

R¹⁷ typically is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, aryl, aryloxy,arylthio, arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, arylalkyl;arylalkyloxy (optionally an benzyloxy); arylalkylthio (optionally abenzylthio); a heterocycle; C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, but typically is an arylor a heterocycle, and where each of said aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy,arylalkylthio, or heterocycle is optionally substituted with 1 or moreR¹⁹. R¹⁷ generally is positioned distally to X. Optionally, R¹⁷ is notC(O)R¹⁸.

R⁹ and R¹⁸ typically are H, OH or alkyl. R¹⁸ optionally is not NR¹⁵R¹⁶.

R⁵ typically is H.

R⁶ generally is halogen. Optionally, R⁶ is not C(O)R¹⁸.

R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²⁰, R²¹, R²³ and R²⁴ typicallyare independently H or C₁₋₁₈ alkyl.

R¹² and R²² typically are independently OH or alkyl.

R¹⁹ usually is H; C₁₋₁₈ alkyl; C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl; C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl; C₁₋₁₈alkoxy; alkenyloxy; alkynyloxy; C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl; C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl; halogen; OH; CN; cyanoalkyl; NO₂;NR²⁰R²¹; haloalkyl; haloalkyloxy; C(═O)R¹⁸; C(═O)OR¹⁸;OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸; —OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹; aryl; heterocycle;—OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸; C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl);arylalkyloxy; aryloxy; arylalkyloxy; and arylalkyl; each of which isunsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more ═O; NR²⁰R²¹; CN; alkoxy;heterocycle; haloalkyl- or alkyl-substituted heterocycle; heterocyclelinked to R¹⁷ by alkyl; alkoxyalkoxy or halogen. R¹⁸ as a substituent inhere is generally not H. R¹⁹ typically is independently halogen,N(R²⁰R²¹), alkoxy or halo-substituted alkyl or alkoxy.

R²⁵ and R²⁶ usually are not present but if they are then typically theyare cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. If the compound is substituted at R²⁵ orR²⁶, either R² or R⁴ is selected from (═O), (═S), and (═NR²⁷), usually═O.

M typically is an aromatic ring, usually single or two fused rings, andcontaining 4 to 10 atoms. Usually, M is hydrocarbon, but also optionallycomprises 1 to 3 N, O and/or S heteroatoms.

Q usually is a hydrocarbon chain, typically a normal or secondaryalkylene, which optionally comprises at least one oxy or thio ester.Generally Q is 1 to 6 atoms, usually 1 to 3. Q typically is notsubstituted with R¹⁹, but if it is then typically it is substituted withone R¹⁹. R¹⁹ as substituted on Q usually is halogen, nitro or cyano.Substituents optionally are designated with or without bonds. Regardlessof bond indications, if a substituent is polyvalent (based on itsposition in the structure referred to), then any and all possibleorientations of the substituent are intended.

Haloalkyl or haloalkyloxy typically are —CF3 or —OCF3.

The present invention provides a compound of Formula (A) of thefollowing the structure,

having antiviral activity as determined following the procedures taughtthroughout the

Specification, such as in Part B “Methodology For Determination OfAntiviral And Cytostatic Activity” in the Examples Section. Preparationof this compound is taught throughout the Specification, such as inExample 6.

The present invention further provides a compound of Formula (A) of thefollowing structure,

having antiviral activity as determined following the procedures taughtthroughout the Specification, such as in Part B “Methodology ForDetermination Of Antiviral And Cytostatic Activity” in the ExamplesSection. Preparation of this compound is taught throughout theSpecification, such as in Example 8A.

Formula (A) depicts optional single or double bonds. It will beunderstood that the bonds are present such that the aromatic nature ofthe nucleus of formula (A) is preserved, i.e., these formulas areintended to embrace all possible tautomers. For example R²⁵ or R²⁶ willbe absent if the ring N to which they are bonded as indicated in theformula is linked to a flanking ring carbon atom by a double bond. Onthe other hand, R²⁵ or R²⁶ may be present when the N atom to which it isbonded as indicated in the formula is linked to its flanking carbonatoms by single bonds only; in this case aromaticity is accommodated byother substituents, e.g. where R² or R⁴ is oxo.

The term “prodrug” as used herein refers to any compound that whenadministered to a biological system generates the drug substance, i.e.active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s),enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), photolysis, and/or metabolicchemical reaction(s). A prodrug is thus a covalently modified analog orlatent form of a therapeutically-active compound.

Prodrugs

Certain of the compounds herein when substituted with appropriateselected functionalities are capable of acting as prodrugs. These arelabile functional groups which separate from an active inhibitorycompound during metabolism, systemically, inside a cell, by hydrolysis,enzymatic cleavage, or by some other process (Bundgaard, Hans, “Designand Application of Prodrugs” in Textbook of Drug Design and Development(1991), P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Eds. Harwood AcademicPublishers, pp. 113-191). These prodrug moieties can serve to enhancesolubility, absorption and lipophilicity to optimize drug delivery,bioavailability and efficacy. A “prodrug” is thus a covalently modifiedanalog of a therapeutically-active compound. A prodrug moiety of coursecan be therapeutically active in its own right.

Exemplary prodrug moieties include the hydrolytically sensitive orlabile esters (—CO₂R′) of carboxylic acids (—CO₂H) or other functionalgroups with an acidic proton which is bound to theimidazo[4,5-c]pyridine compounds of the invention. The R′ group of suchhydrolytically sensitive or labile esters may include: (i) acyloxymethylesters —CH₂C(═O)R^(9a); and (ii) acyloxymethyl carbonates—CH₂C(═O)OR^(9a) where R^(9a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl,C₆-C₂₀ aryl or C₆-C₂₀ substituted aryl. A close variant of theacyloxyalkyl ester, the alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester (carbonate), mayalso enhance oral bioavailability as a prodrug moiety in the compoundsof the invention. An exemplary acyloxymethyl ester R group ispivaloyloxymethoxy, (POM) —CH₂C(═O)C(CH₃)₃. An exemplary acyloxymethylcarbonate prodrug moiety is pivaloyloxymethylcarbonate (POC)—CH₂OC(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. Cleavable moieties capable of acting as prodrugfunctionalities are optionally linked at any tolerant site on thecompound of this invention, for example R³ and any of its substituents.

Excluded Compounds

The present invention excludes all compounds expressly disclosed in anyprior art reference (to the extent the reference is effective asnovelty- or inventive step/obviousness-defeating as the case may be) setforth in this application (as well as any compounds disclosed in anyreference patent family member) and any other compounds over which theclaims of this application are not novel or do not posses an inventivestep or are obvious under applicable law.

The present invention excludes, as required, compounds according to thegeneral formula (A) where

(a) Any of the substituents X, Y, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ are a cephalosporinor wherein the substituents X, Y, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ are an azabicyclogroup, more particularly 5-Thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-8-one;

(b) The compound is5-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-iumbromide (X=ethyl, Y=bond, R¹=phenyl substituted in para with OH, R²=H,R³=piperidinyl, and R⁴, R⁵=H) (as disclosed in example 52 of EP1132381);

(c) The compound is4-[5-(2-{4-[Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-ethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-yl]phenol(X=ethyl, Y=bond, R¹=phenyl substituted in para with OH, R²=H,R³=heterocycle with 2 N heteroatoms, wherein one N is substituted withan arylalkyl consisting of CH(Phenyl)₂, wherein each phenyl carries an Fin para) (as disclosed in example 54 of EP 1132381);

(d) The compound is4-[5-(3-{4-[Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propyl)5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-yl]phenol(X=butyl, Y=bond, R¹=phenyl substituted in para with OH, R²=H,R³=heterocycle with 2 N heteroatoms, wherein one N is substituted withan arylalkyl consisting of CH(Phenyl)₂, wherein each phenyl carries an Fin para) (as disclosed in example 55 of EP 1132381);

(e) The compound is 5-(phenylmethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine whereinphenyl is substituted with CONR¹⁵R¹⁶ and R¹⁵ is a branched C3 alkyl andR¹⁶ is phenyl (X=—CH₂—; Y=bond; R¹=hydrogen; R²=H; R³=phenyl substitutedwith 1 C(═O)R¹⁸, wherein R¹⁸ is NR¹⁵R¹⁶, with R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ a branched C₆alkyl; R⁴=H) (as disclosed in example 35 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,601);

(f) The compound is6-(5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl-methyl)-N-(1methylethyl)-N-phenyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide(X=—CH₂—; Y=bond; R¹=hydrogen; R²=H, R³=pyridine substituted with 1 R⁶,wherein R⁶=1 C=0 R¹⁸, wherein R¹⁸ is NR¹⁵R¹⁶, wherein R¹⁵=isopropyl andR¹⁶=phenyl) (as disclosed in example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,518);

(g) The compound is a compound wherein X=—CH²—; Y=bond; R¹=hydrogen;R²=H, R³=5-6 membered heterocycle, in particular a pyridinyl or furanyl,substituted with 1 R¹⁷ wherein R¹⁷=C(═O)R¹⁸, and wherein R¹⁸=NR¹⁵R¹⁶ andR¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are either a C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, in particular methyl, ethyl orisopropyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, in particular 2-methyl allyl, or a C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, in particular cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl (as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 4,990,518);

(h) The compound is a compound wherein X=—CH²—; Y=bond; R¹=hydrogen;R²=H, R³=5-6 membered heterocycle, in particular a pyridinyl or furanyl,substituted with 1 R¹⁷ wherein R¹⁷=C(═O)R¹⁸, and wherein R¹⁸=C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl or C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl.

(i) The compound is2,6-bis(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-4-[[2-(5H-imidazo-[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl]thio]-phenolhydrate and/or2,6-bis(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-4-[[2-(5H-imidazo-[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]thio]-phenolhydrate (X=CH²—CH²—; Y=bond; R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=thioaryl substitutedwith three R⁶, wherein R⁶=2 branched C₄alkyl in meta and OH in para) (asdisclosed in example 6 of WO96/12703);

(j) The compound is5-[2-(Biphenyl-4-yloxy)-ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (X=CH₂CH₂,Y=bond, R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=phenoxy substituted with 1 R¹⁷ in para,wherein R¹⁷=benzyl; R⁴=H) (as disclosed in WO96/11192);

(k) The compound is5-[2-(4-Phenoxy-phenoxy)-ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (X=CH₂CH₂,Y=bond, R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=phenoxy substituted with 1 R¹⁷ in para,wherein R¹⁷=phenoxy; R⁴=H) (as disclosed in WO96/11192);

(l) The compound is[5-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-yl]-methylamine (X=CH₂,Y=NR¹¹, wherein R¹¹=methyl, R¹=R²=H, R³=phenyl substituted with 1 R¹⁷ inpara, wherein R⁶ is F, R⁴=H, R⁵=H) (as disclosed in EP76530);

(m) The compound is2,6-bis(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-4-[[3-(5H-imidazo-[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]thio]-phenolhydrate (X=CH₂—CH₂—CH₂, Y=bond; R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=thiophenylsubstituted with 3 R⁶, wherein R⁶=2 branched C4 alkyl in meta and OH inpara) (as disclosed in WO96/12703);

(n) The compound is5-[2-(4-Phenylmethyloxy-phenoxy)-ethyl]-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine(X=CH₂CH₂, Y=bond, R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=phenoxy substituted with 1 R¹⁷in para, wherein R¹⁷=benzyl oxy) (as disclosed in WO96/11192);

(o) The compound is5-[3-(4-Phenoxy-phenoxy)-propyl]-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (X=CH₂CH₂CH₂,Y=bond, R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=phenoxy substituted with 1 R⁶ in para,wherein R⁶=phenoxy substituted in para with F; R⁴=H) (as disclosed inWO96/11192);

(p) The compound is5-{2-[4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-phenoxy]-ethyl}-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine(X=CH₂CH₂, Y=bond, R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=phenoxy substituted with 1 R⁶in para, wherein R⁶=phenoxy, substituted in para with F; R⁴=H) (asdisclosed in WO96/11192);

(q) The compound is5-[3-(4-Phenylmethyl-phenoxy)-propyl]-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine(X=CH₂CH₂CH₂, Y=bond, R¹=hydrogen, R²=H, R³=phenoxy substituted with 1R⁶ in para, wherein R⁶=benzyl; R⁴=H) (as disclosed in WO96/11192);

(r) The compound is(1H-Indol-3-yl)-[3-(2-methyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-methanone(X=—(C═O)— or SO₂, Y=CH₂, R¹=H, R²=H, R³=phenyl substituted with 1 R⁶,wherein R⁶ is C(═O)R¹⁸, wherein R¹⁸ is indole) (as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,486,525);

(s) The compound is 4 or3-[(2-methyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)methyl]-benzoic acidalkylester or 5-[4 or3-(alkoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-methyl]-2-methyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, inparticular 4 or3-[(2-methyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)methyl]-methyl ester (X=CH₂,Y=CH₂, R¹=H, R²=H, R³=phenyl substituted at the para or meta positionwith one R¹⁷, wherein R¹⁷ is (C═O)R¹⁸, wherein R¹⁸=alkoxy) (as disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,525)

(t) The compound is5-[(fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-amino-5-H-imidazo[4,5-c]-pyridine(XR³=fluorobenzyl, Y=NR¹¹ with R¹¹=methyl, R¹=H, R², R³, R⁴=H) (asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,896);

(u) The compound is((5-[4-(Fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-H-imidazo[4,5-c]-pyridine-2-yl)methyl)-carbamate,methyl ester (XR³=fluorobenzyl, Y═C(═O)R¹² with R¹²=methyl, R¹=H, R²,R³, R⁴=H) (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,896);

(v) The compound is5-(4-Chlorophenylmethyl)-2-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridineand its dihydrochloride salt (XR³=chlorobenzyl, Y=—CH₂—, R¹=piperidinyl)(as disclosed in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1971), 747,158-171);

(w) The compound is5-(4-Chlorophenylmethyl)-2-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine(XR³=chlorobenzyl, Y=—CH₂—, R¹=piperazinyl, R⁶=methyl) (as disclosed inJournal of the Chemical Society [section B]: Physical Organic (1966), 4,285-291);

(x) Compounds, particularly compound 9 on page 160, Cleve et al.“Liebigs Ann. Chem. 747:158-171 (1971);

(y) Compounds, particularly compounds 19 and 20, of Kiyama et al. “Chem.Pharm. Bull. 43(3):450-460 (1995); and

(z) Compounds, particularly compound 14, of Medereski et al. “Tet.Lt.”48(48):10549-10558 (1992)

The compounds of the invention optionally exclude those compoundsaccording to the general formula (A) as described above, wherein (a) YR¹is not phenyl para substituted with OH, or (b) is H, an unsubstitutedC₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

The compounds of the invention optionally exclude those compoundsaccording to the general formula (A) as described above, wherein R¹ isnot H, Y is not NR¹¹ with R¹¹ C₁₋₆ alkyl or methyl, and/or YR¹ is notmonomethylamino.

The compounds of the invention optionally exclude those compoundsaccording to the general formula (A) as described above, wherein R¹ is aphenyl substituted with 1R⁶, R⁶ is C(═O)R¹⁸ and R¹⁸ is t-butoxy.

The compounds of the invention optionally exclude those compoundsaccording to the general formula (A) as described above, wherein R¹ isnot piperidinyl and is not piperazinyl substituted with methyl.

The compounds of this invention exclude those compounds disclosed by WO2004/005286, in particular the compounds in table 8 thereof.

The compounds of this invention Optionally exclude those in which XR³ isthe definitional equivalent to the substructure —(CH₂)n-Y—C(O)—N(R1)(R2)set forth on column 1, line 49 to column 2 line 38 of U.S. Pat. No.5,302,601 and the comparable disclosure in any member of the patentfamily of U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,601, which disclosure is herewithexpressly incorporated by reference.

The compounds of this invention optionally exclude those in which R⁵contains any of the substituents designated as <<Ar>> in WO 00/39127, inparticular aryl, aryl phenoxy, or benzyl.

The compounds of this invention optionally do not include the compoundsof Example 35 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,601, Example 6 of U.S. Pat. No.4,990,518, Examples 1 to 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,707, Examples 1-5 ofU.S. Pat. No. 5,208,241, Example 39 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,896, theazabenzimidazole compound of WO 99/27929, Examples 1-20 and 45 of U.S.Pat. No. 5,227,384, Examples 3 and/or 11 of WO 96/12703 and/or compounds340A, 347C, 349C, 351C, 355C and/or 356 C of WO 96/11192.

The compounds of this invention optionally exclude those in which XR³ isequivalent to the substructure —(CH₂)n-Het-C(O)—N(R¹)(R²) set forth oncolumn 1, line 41 to column 2 line 24 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,518.

The compounds of this invention do not include the compounds expresslydisclosed in the patents listed in the Background of the Inventionabove, in Chemical Abstracts acc no. 1987:18435 and in ChemicalAbstracts acc no. 1983:594812.

The compounds of this invention do not include the compounds expresslydisclosed in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1971), 747, 158-171 orin the Journal of the Chemical Society [section B]: Physical Organic(1966), 4, 285-291.

Optionally, the compounds of this invention exclude those compoundswherein YR¹ is one of the substituents designated R¹³ in column 5, lines22-38 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,525 and/or R² and/or R⁵ are one of thesubstituents collectively designated R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ in column 5, lines38-53 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,525.

Optionally, the compounds of this invention exclude the compounds foundin any patent family member of any published or issued patentspecifically recited in this application.

Finally, the compounds of this invention optionally also exclude themethylene homologues of the foregoing known compounds excluded from thescope of this invention. It is understood that a compound optionallyexcluded also includes the salts thereof.

Utilities

The compounds of this invention, or the metabolites produced from thesecompounds in vivo, have a large number of uses. They are useful inimmunology, chromatography, diagnostics and therapeutics, among otherfields.

The compounds of formula (A) are conjugated to immunogenic polypeptidesas a reagent for eliciting antibodies capable of binding specifically tothe polypeptide, to the compounds or to their metabolic products whichretain immunologically recognized epitopes (sites of antibody binding).These immunogenic compositions therefore are useful as intermediates inthe preparation of antibodies for use in diagnostics, quality control,or the like, or in assays for the compounds of formula (A) or theirnovel metabolic products. The compounds are useful for raisingantibodies against otherwise non-immunogenic polypeptides, in that thecompounds serve as haptenic sites stimulating an immune response whichcross-reacts with the unmodified conjugated protein.

Conjugates of the compounds of formula (A) with immunogenic polypeptidessuch as albumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin generally are useful asimmunogens. The polypeptides are conjugated at the same sites denotedfor amino acids. The metabolic products described above may retain asubstantial degree of immunological cross reactivity with the compoundsof the invention. Thus, the antibodies of this invention will be capableof binding to the unprotected compounds of the invention without bindingto the protected compounds. Alternatively the metabolic products will becapable of binding to the protected compounds and/or the metaboliticproducts without binding to the protected compounds of the invention, orwill be capable of binding specifically to any one or all three. Theantibodies desirably will not substantially cross-react withnaturally-occurring materials. Substantial cross-reactivity isreactivity under specific assay conditions for specific analytessufficient to interfere with the assay results.

The immunogens of this invention contain the compound of this inventionpresenting the desired epitope in association with an immunogenicsubstance. Within the context of the invention such association meanscovalent bonding to form an immunogenic conjugate (when applicable) or amixture of non-covalently bonded materials, or a combination of theabove. Immunogenic substances include adjuvants such as Freund'sadjuvant, immunogenic proteins such as viral, bacterial, yeast, plantand animal polypeptides, in particular keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serumalbumin, bovine thyroglobulin or soybean trypsin inhibitor, andimmunogenic polysaccharides. Typically, the compound having thestructure of the desired epitope is covalently conjugated to animmunogenic polypeptide or polysaccharide by the use of a polyfunctional(ordinarily bifunctional) cross-linking agent. Methods for themanufacture of hapten immunogens are conventional per se, and any of themethods used heretofore for conjugating haptens to immunogenicpolypeptides or the like are suitably employed here as well, taking intoaccount the functional groups on the precursors or hydrolytic productswhich are available for cross-linking and the likelihood of producingantibodies specific to the epitope in question as opposed to theimmunogenic substance.

Typically the polypeptide is conjugated to a site on the compound of theinvention distant from the epitope to be recognized.

The conjugates are prepared in conventional fashion. For example, thecross-linking agents N-hydroxysuccinimide, succinic anhydride oralkN═C═Nalk are useful in preparing the conjugates of this invention.The conjugates comprise a compound of the invention attached by a bondor a linking group of 1-100, typically, 1-25, more typically 1-10 carbonatoms to the immunogenic substance. The conjugates are separated fromstarting materials and by products using chromatography or the like, andthen are sterile filtered and vialed for storage.

Animals are typically immunized against the immunogenic conjugates orderivatives and antisera or monoclonal antibodies prepared inconventional fashion.

The compounds of this invention are useful as linkers, spacers oraffinity (typically hydrophobic) moieties in preparing affinityabsorption matrices. The compounds of the invention optionally are boundcovalently to an insoluble matrix and used for affinity chromatographyseparations, depending on the nature of the groups of the compounds, forexample compounds with pendant aryl groups are useful in makinghydrophobic affinity columns.

They also are useful as linkers and spacers in preparing immobilizedenzymes for process control, or in making immunoassay reagents. Thecompounds herein contain functional groups that are suitable as sitesfor cross-linking desired substances. For example, it is conventional tolink affinity reagents such as hormones, peptides, antibodies, drugs,and the like to insoluble substrates. These insolubilized reagents areemployed in known fashion to absorb binding partners for the affinityreagents from manufactured preparations, diagnostic samples and otherimpure mixtures. Similarly, immobilized enzymes are used to performcatalytic conversions with facile recovery of enzyme. Bifunctionalcompounds are commonly used to link analytes to detectable groups inpreparing diagnostic reagents.

The compounds of this invention are labeled with detectable moietiessuch biotin, radioisotopes, enzymes and the like for diagnosticpurposes. Suitable techniques for accomplishing the labeling of thecompounds of formula (A) are well known and will be apparent to theartisan from consideration of this specification as a whole. Forexample, one suitable site for labeling is R17 or R19.

More typically, however, the compounds of the invention are employed forthe treatment or prophylaxis of viral infections such as yellow fevervirus, Dengue virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis G virus, ClassicalSwine Fever virus or the Border Disease Virus, but more particularlyflaviviral or picornaviral infections, in particular, HCV and BVDV.

The therapeutic compound(s) of this invention are administered to asubject mammal (including a human) by any means well known in the art,i.e. orally, intranasally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly,intradermally, intravenously, intra-arterially, parenterally or bycatheterization. The therapeutically effective amount of the compound(s)is a flaviviral or picornaviral growth inhibiting amount. Morepreferably, it is a flaviviral or picornaviral replication inhibitingamount or a flaviviral or picornaviral enzyme inhibiting amount of thecompounds of formula (A). This is believed to correspond to an amountwhich ensures a plasma level of between about 1 μg/ml and 100 mg/ml,optionally of 10 mg/ml. This optionally is achieved by administration ofa dosage of in the range of 0.001 mg to 60 mg, preferably 0.01 mg to 10mg, preferably 0.1 mg to 1 mg per day per kg bodyweight for humans.These are starting points for determining the optimal dosage of thecompound of this invention. The actual amount will depend upon manyfactors known to the artisan, including bioavailability of the compound,whether it contains a prodrug functionality, its metabolism anddistribution in the subject and its potency, among others. It typicallyis necessary to determine the proper dosing in the clinical setting, andthis is well within the skill of the ordinary artisan. Thetherapeutically effective amount of the compound(s) of this inventionoptionally are divided into several sub-units per day or areadministered at daily or more than one day intervals, depending upon thepathologic condition to be treated, the patient's condition and thenature of the compound of this invention.

As is conventional in the art, the evaluation of a synergistic effect ina drug combination may be made by analyzing the quantification of theinteractions between individual drugs, using the median effect principledescribed by Chou et al. in Adv. Enzyme Reg. (1984) 22:27 or tests suchas, but not limited to, the isobologram method, as previously describedby Elion et al. in J. Biol. Chem. (1954) 208:477-488 and by Baba et al.in Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1984) 25:515-517, using EC₅₀ forcalculating the fractional inhibitory concentration.

Suitable anti-viral agents for inclusion in combination antiviralcompositions or for coadministration in a course of therapy include, forinstance, interferon alpha, ribavirin, a compound falling within thescope of disclosure of EP 1162196, WO 03/010141, WO 03/007945 and WO03/010140, a compound falling within the scope of disclosure of WO00/204425, and other patents or patent applications within their patentfamilies, in amounts of 1 to 99.9% by weight compound of this invention,preferably from 1 to 99% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 95% byweight as can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. Suchco-administered agents need not be formulated in the same dosage form asthe compound of the invention. They optionally are simply administeredto the subject in the course of treatment along with a course oftreatment with a compound of formula (A).

The present invention further provides veterinary compositionscomprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together witha veterinary carrier therefore, for example in the treatment of BVDV.Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose ofadministering the composition and are excipients which are otherwiseinert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with thecompound of this invention. These veterinary compositions may beadministered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.

Salts

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” as used herein means thetherapeutically active non-toxic salt forms formed by the compounds offormula (A). Such salts may include those derived by combination ofappropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions orammonium and quaternary amino ions with an acid anion moiety, typicallya carboxylic acid.

The compounds of the invention may bear multiple positive or negativecharges. The net charge of the compounds of the invention may be eitherpositive or negative. Any associated counter ions are typically dictatedby the synthesis and/or isolation methods by which the compounds areobtained. Typical counter ions include, but are not limited to ammonium,sodium, potassium, lithium, halides, acetate, trifluoroacetate, etc.,and mixtures thereof. It will be understood that the identity of anyassociated counter ion is not a critical feature of the invention, andthat the invention encompasses the compounds in association with anytype of counter ion. Moreover, as the compounds can exist in a varietyof different forms, the invention is intended to encompass not onlyforms of the compounds that are in association with counter ions (e.g.,dry salts), but also forms that are not in association with counter ions(e.g., aqueous or organic solutions).

Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide witha compound of this invention. Examples of metal salts which are preparedin this way are salts containing Li+, Na+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 and K+. A lesssoluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a moresoluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound. In addition,salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic and inorganicacids to basic centers, typically amines, or to acidic groups. Examplesof such appropriate acids include, for instance, inorganic acids such ashydrohalogen acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulfuricacid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like; or organic acids suchas, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, benzoic,2-hydroxypropanoic, 2-oxopropanoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, pyruvic,maleic, malonic, malic, salicylic (i.e. 2-hydroxybenzoic),p-aminosalicylic, isethionic, lactobionic, succinic oxalic and citricacids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic,benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, suchas hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids, C1-C6alkylsulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic,and the like. Preferred salts include mesylate and HCl.

The compounds of this invention include the solvates formed with thecompounds of formula (A) and their salts, such as for example hydrates,alcoholates and the like. The compositions herein comprise compounds ofthe invention in their un-ionized, as well as zwitterionic form, andcombinations with stoichiometric amounts of water as in hydrates.

Also included within the scope of this invention are the salts of thecompounds of formula (A) with one or more amino acids as describedabove. The amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basicor acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutralgroup such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, orleucine.

Salts of acids or bases which are not physiologically acceptable mayalso find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of acompound of formula (A). All salts, whether or not derived form aphysiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of thepresent invention.

Isomers

The term “isomers” as used herein means all possible isomeric forms,including tautomeric and stereochemical forms, which the compounds offormula (A) may possess, but not including position isomers. Typically,the structures shown herein exemplify only one tautomeric or resonanceform of the compounds, but the corresponding alternative configurationsare contemplated as well. Unless otherwise stated, the chemicaldesignation of compounds denotes the mixture of all possiblestereochemically isomeric forms, said mixtures containing alldiastereomers and enantiomers (since the compounds of formula (A) mayhave one or more chiral centers), as well as the stereochemically pureor enriched isomers. More particularly, stereogenic centers may haveeither the R- or S-configuration, and double or triple bonds optionallyare in either the cis- or trans-configuration.

Enriched isomeric forms of a compound of this invention are defined as asingle isomer substantially free of the compound's other enantiomers ordiastereomers. In particular, the term “stereoisomerically enriched” or“chirally enriched” relates to compounds having a single stereoisomericproportion of at least about 80% (i.e. at least 90% of one isomer and atmost 10% of the other possible isomers), preferably at least 90%, morepreferably at least 94% and most preferably at least 97%. The terms“enantiomerically pure” and “diastereomerically pure” containundetectable levels of any other isomer.

Separation of stereoisomers is accomplished by standard methods known tothose in the art. One enantiomer of a compound of the invention can beseparated substantially free of its opposing enantiomer by a method suchas formation of diastereomers using optically active resolving agents(“Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds,” (1962) by E. L. Eliel, McGrawHill; Lochmuller, C. H., (1975) J. Chromatogr., 113:(3) 283-302).Separation of isomers in a mixture can be accomplished by any suitablemethod, including: (1) formation of ionic, diastereomeric salts withchiral compounds and separation by fractional crystallization or othermethods, (2) formation of diastereomeric compounds with chiralderivatizing reagents, separation of the diastereomers, and conversionto the pure enantiomers, or (3) enantiomers can be separated directlyunder chiral conditions. Under method (1), diastereomeric salts can beformed by reaction of enantiomerically pure chiral bases such asbrucine, quinine, ephedrine, strychnine, a-methyl-b-phenylethylamine(amphetamine), and the like with asymmetric compounds bearing an acidicfunctionality, such as carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid.

The diastereomeric salts optionally are induced to separate byfractional crystallization or ionic chromatography. For separation ofthe optical isomers of amino compounds, addition of chiral carboxylic orsulfonic acids, such as camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, mandelicacid, or lactic acid can result in formation of the diastereomericsalts. Alternatively, by method (2), the substrate to be resolved may bereacted with one enantiomer of a chiral compound to form adiastereomeric pair (Eliel, E. and Wilen, S. (1994). Stereochemistry ofOrganic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 322). Diastereomericcompounds can be formed by reacting asymmetric compounds withenantiomerically pure chiral derivatizing reagents, such as menthylderivatives, followed by separation of the diastereomers and hydrolysisto yield the free, enantiomerically enriched xanthene. A method ofdetermining optical purity involves making chiral esters, such as amenthyl ester or Mosher ester, a-methoxy-a-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetate (Jacob III. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 47:4165), of the racemicmixture, and analyzing the NMR spectrum for the presence of the twoatropisomeric diastereomers. Stable diastereomers can be separated andisolated by normal- and reverse-phase chromatography following methodsfor separation of atropisomeric naphthyl-isoquinolines (Hoye, T., WO96/15111). Under method (3), a racemic mixture of two asymmetricenantiomers is separated by chromatography using a chiral stationaryphase. Suitable chiral stationary phases are, for example,polysaccharides, in particular cellulose or amylose derivatives.Commercially available polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases areChiralCeI™ CA, OA, OB5, OC5, OD, OF, OG, OJ and OK, and Chiralpak™ AD,AS, OP(+) and OT(+). Appropriate eluents or mobile phases for use incombination with said polysaccharide chiral stationary phases are hexaneand the like, modified with an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol andthe like. (“Chiral Liquid Chromatography” (1989) W. J. Lough, Ed.Chapman and Hall, New York; Okamoto, (1990). “Optical resolution ofdihydropyridine enantiomers by High-performance liquid chromatographyusing phenylcarbamates of polysaccharides as a chiral stationary phase”,J. of Chromatogr. 513:375-378).

Metabolites

The present invention also provides the in vivo metabolic products ofthe compounds described herein, to the extent such products are noveland unobvious over the prior art. Such products may result for examplefrom the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification andthe like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymaticprocesses. Accordingly, the invention includes novel and unobviouscompounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of thisinvention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield ametabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified bypreparing a radiolabelled (e.g. C14 or H3) compound of the invention,administering it parenterally in a detectable dose (e.g. greater thanabout 0.5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, orto man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typicallyabout 30 seconds to 30 hours) and isolating its conversion products fromthe urine, blood or other biological samples. These products are easilyisolated since they are labeled (others are isolated by the use ofantibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). Themetabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g. by MSor NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites is done in the sameway as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilledin the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwisefound in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing ofthe compounds of the invention even if they possess no antiviralactivity of their own.

Formulations

The compounds of the invention optionally are formulated withconventional pharmaceutical carriers and excipients, which will beselected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets will containexcipients, glidants, fillers, binders and the like. Aqueousformulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended fordelivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic.Formulations optionally contain excipients such as those set forth inthe “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients” (1986) and include ascorbicacid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA,carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose,hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like.

Subsequently, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as usedherein means any material or substance with which the active ingredientis formulated in order to facilitate its application or dissemination tothe locus to be treated, for instance by dissolving, dispersing ordiffusing the said composition, and/or to facilitate its storage,transport or handling without impairing its effectiveness. Thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be a solid or a liquid or a gaswhich has been compressed to form a liquid, i.e. the compositions ofthis invention can suitably be used as concentrates, emulsions,solutions, granulates, dusts, sprays, aerosols, suspensions, ointments,creams, tablets, pellets or powders.

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers for use in the said pharmaceuticalcompositions and their formulation are well known to those skilled inthe art, and there is no particular restriction to their selectionwithin the present invention. They may also include additives such aswetting agents, dispersing agents, stickers, adhesives, emulsifyingagents, solvents, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents (forexample phenol, sorbic acid, chlorobutanol), isotonic agents (such assugars or sodium chloride) and the like, provided the same areconsistent with pharmaceutical practice, i.e. carriers and additiveswhich do not create permanent damage to mammals. The pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention may be prepared in any knownmanner, for instance by homogeneously mixing, coating and/or grindingthe active ingredients, in a one-step or multi-steps procedure, with theselected carrier material and, where appropriate, the other additivessuch as surface-active agents. may also be prepared by micronisation,for instance in view to obtain them in the form of microspheres usuallyhaving a diameter of about 1 to 10 gm, namely for the manufacture ofmicrocapsules for controlled or sustained release of the activeingredients.

Suitable surface-active agents, also known as emulgent or emulsifier, tobe used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention arenon-ionic, cationic and/or anionic materials having good emulsifying,dispersing and/or wetting properties. Suitable anionic surfactantsinclude both water-soluble soaps and water-soluble syntheticsurface-active agents. Suitable soaps are alkaline or alkaline-earthmetal salts, unsubstituted or substituted ammonium salts of higher fattyacids (C₁₀-C₂₂), e.g. the sodium or potassium salts of oleic or stearicacid, or of natural fatty acid mixtures obtainable form coconut oil ortallow oil. Synthetic surfactants include sodium or calcium salts ofpolyacrylic acids; fatty sulphonates and sulphates; sulphonatedbenzimidazole derivatives and alkylarylsulphonates. Fatty sulphonates orsulphates are usually in the form of alkaline or alkaline-earth metalsalts, unsubstituted ammonium salts or ammonium salts substituted withan alkyl or acyl radical having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, e.g. thesodium or calcium salt of lignosulphonic acid or dodecylsulphonic acidor a mixture of fatty alcohol sulphates obtained from natural fattyacids, alkaline or alkaline-earth metal salts of sulphuric or sulphonicacid esters (such as sodium lauryl sulphate) and sulphonic acids offatty alcohol/ethylene oxide adducts. Suitable sulphonated benzimidazolederivatives preferably contain 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples ofalkylarylsulphonates are the sodium, calcium or alcoholamine salts ofdodecylbenzene sulphonic acid or dibutyl-naphthalenesulphonic acid or anaphthalene-sulphonic acid/formaldehyde condensation product. Alsosuitable are the corresponding phosphates, e.g. salts of phosphoric acidester and an adduct of p-nonylphenol with ethylene and/or propyleneoxide, or phospholipids. Suitable phospholipids for this purpose are thenatural (originating from animal or plant cells) or syntheticphospholipids of the cephalin or lecithin type such as e.g.phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerine,lysolecithin, cardiolipin, dioctanylphosphatidyl-choline,dipalmitoylphoshatidyl-choline and their mixtures.

Suitable non-ionic surfactants include polyethoxylated andpolypropoxylated derivatives of alkylphenols, fatty alcohols, fattyacids, aliphatic amines or amides containing at least 12 carbon atoms inthe molecule, alkylarenesulphonates and dialkylsulphosuccinates, such aspolyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic alcohols,saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and alkylphenols, said derivativespreferably containing 3 to 10 glycol ether groups and 8 to 20 carbonatoms in the (aliphatic) hydrocarbon moiety and 6 to 18 carbon atoms inthe alkyl moiety of the alkylphenol. Further suitable non-ionicsurfactants are water-soluble adducts of polyethylene oxide withpolypropylene glycol, ethylenediaminopolypropylene glycol containing 1to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, which adducts contain 20 to 250ethyleneglycol ether groups and/or 10 to 100 propyleneglycol ethergroups. Such compounds usually contain from 1 to 5 ethyleneglycol unitsper propyleneglycol unit. Representative examples of non-ionicsurfactants are nonylphenol-polyethoxyethanol, castor oil polyglycolicethers, polypropylene/polyethylene oxide adducts,tributylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, polyethyleneglycol andoctylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. Fatty acid esters of polyethylenesorbitan (such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate), glycerol,sorbitan, sucrose and pentaerythritol are also suitable non-ionicsurfactants.

Suitable cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts,particularly halides, having 4 hydrocarbon radicals optionallysubstituted with halo, phenyl, substituted phenyl or hydroxy; forinstance quaternary ammonium salts containing as N-substituent at leastone C8C22 alkyl radical (e.g. cetyl, lauryl, palmityl, myristyl, oleyland the like) and, as further substituents, unsubstituted or halogenatedlower alkyl, benzyl and/or hydroxy-lower alkyl radicals.

A more detailed description of surface-active agents suitable for thispurpose may be found for instance in “McCutcheon's Detergents andEmulsifiers Annual” (MC Publishing Crop., Ridgewood, N.J., 1981),“Tensid-Taschenbucw’, 2 d ed. (Hanser Verlag, Vienna, 1981) and“Encyclopaedia of Surfactants, (Chemical Publishing Co., New York,1981).

Compounds of the invention and their physiologically acceptable salts(hereafter collectively referred to as the active ingredients) may beadministered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated,suitable routes including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (includingocular, buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (includingsubcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal andepidural). The preferred route of administration may vary with forexample the condition of the recipient.

While it is possible for the active ingredients to be administered aloneit is preferable to present them as pharmaceutical formulations. Theformulations, both for veterinary and for human use, of the presentinvention comprise at least one active ingredient, as above described,together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereforeand optionally other. therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) optimallyare “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the otheringredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipientthereof. The formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal,nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral(including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal,intrathecal and epidural) administration. The formulations mayconveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by anyof the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods includethe step of bringing into association the active ingredient with thecarrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In generalthe formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely dividedsolid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administrationmay be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tabletseach containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as apowder or granules; as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid ora non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or awater-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also bepresented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared bycompressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in afree-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with abinder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active ordispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitablemachine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inertliquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and maybe formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the activeingredient therein. For infections of the eye or other external tissuese.g. mouth and skin, the formulations are optionally applied as atopical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in anamount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w (including active ingredient(s)in a range between 0.1% and 20% in increments of 0.1% w/w such as 0.6%w/w, 0.7% w/w, etc), preferably 0.2 to 15% w/w and most preferably 0.5to 10% w/w. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredients maybe employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream withan oil-in-water cream base. If desired, the aqueous phase of the creambase may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol,i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propyleneglycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethyleneglycol (including PEG400) and mixtures thereof. The topical formulationsmay desirably include a compound which enhances absorption orpenetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affectedareas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers includedimethylsulfoxide and related analogs.

The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constitutedfrom known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprisemerely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirablycomprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil orwith both a fat and an oil. Optionally, a hydrophilic emulsifier isincluded together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as astabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up theso-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fatmake up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oilydispersed phase of the cream formulations.

The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based onachieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of theactive compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceuticalemulsion formulations is very low. Thus the cream should optionally be anon-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistencyto avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branchedchain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetylstearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropylmyristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate,2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known asCrodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. Thesemay be used alone or in combination depending on the propertiesrequired. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white softparaffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.

Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also includeeye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in asuitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the activeingredient. The active ingredient is optionally present in suchformulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10%particularly about 1.5% w/w. Formulations suitable for topicaladministration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the activeingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia ortragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basissuch as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashescomprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppositorywith a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or asalicylate. Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein thecarrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size forexample in the range 20 to 500 microns (including particle sizes in arange between 20 and 500 microns in increments of 5 microns such as 30microns, 35 microns, etc), which is administered in the manner in whichsnuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage froma container of the powder held close up to the nose. Suitableformulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as forexample a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oilysolutions of the active ingredient. Formulations suitable for aerosoladministration may be prepared according to conventional methods and maybe delivered with other therapeutic agents.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as areknown in the art to be appropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants,buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonicwith the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueoussterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickeningagents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dosecontainers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored ina freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition ofthe sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections,immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions andsuspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tabletsof the kind previously described.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose orunit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fractionthereof, of an active ingredient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularlymentioned above the formulations of this invention may include otheragents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulationin question, for example those suitable for oral administration mayinclude flavoring agents.

Compounds of the invention can be used to provide controlled releasepharmaceutical formulations containing as active ingredient one or morecompounds of the invention (“controlled release formulations”) in whichthe release of the active ingredient can be controlled and regulated toallow less frequency dosing or to improve the pharmacokinetic ortoxicity profile of a given invention compound. Controlled releaseformulations adapted for oral administration in which discrete unitscomprising one or more compounds of the invention can be preparedaccording to conventional methods.

Additional ingredients may be included in order to control the durationof action of the active ingredient in the composition. Control releasecompositions may thus be achieved by selecting appropriate polymercarriers such as for example polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinylpyrrolidone, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, methylcellulose,carboxymethylcellulose, protamine sulfate and the like. The rate of drugrelease and duration of action may also be controlled by incorporatingthe active ingredient into particles, e.g. microcapsules, of a polymericsubstance such as hydrogels, polylactic acid, hydroxymethylcellulose,polymethyl methacrylate and the other above-described polymers. Suchmethods include colloid drug delivery systems like liposomes,microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, nanocapsules and so on.Depending on the route of administration, the pharmaceutical compositionmay require protective coatings. Pharmaceutical forms suitable forinjectionable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions andsterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation thereof. Typicalcarriers for this purpose therefore include biocompatible aqueousbuffers, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol andthe like and mixtures thereof.

In view of the fact that, when several active ingredients are used incombination, they do not necessarily bring out their joint therapeuticeffect directly at the same time in the mammal to be treated, thecorresponding composition may also be in the form of a medical kit orpackage containing the two ingredients in separate but adjacentrepositories or compartments. In the latter context, each activeingredient may therefore be formulated in a way suitable for anadministration route different from that of the other ingredient, e.g.one of them may be in the form of an oral or parenteral formulationwhereas the other is in the form of an ampoule for intravenous injectionor an aerosol.

Synthetic Methods

The compounds of formula (A) are prepared using a series of chemicalreactions well known to those skilled in the art, altogether making upthe process for preparing said compounds and exemplified further. Theprocesses described further are only meant as examples and by no meansare meant to limit the scope of the present invention.

The invention also relates to methods of making the compositions of theinvention. The compositions are prepared by any of the applicabletechniques of organic synthesis. Many such techniques are well known inthe art. However, many of the known techniques are elaborated in“Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods” (John Wiley & Sons, New York),Vol. 1, Ian T. Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1971; Vol. 2, Ian T.Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1974; Vol. 3, Louis S. Hegedus and LeroyWade, 1977; Vol. 4, Leroy G. Wade, Jr., 1980; Vol. 5, Leroy G. Wade,Jr., 1984; and Vol. 6, Michael B. Smith; as well as March, J., “AdvancedOrganic Chemistry, Third Edition”, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985),“Comprehensive Organic Synthesis. Selectivity, Strategy & Efficiency inModern Organic Chemistry. In 9 Volumes”, Barry M. Trost, Editor-in-Chief(Pergamon Press, New York, 1993 printing).

Exemplary methods for the preparation of the compositions of theinvention are provided below. These methods are intended to illustratethe nature of such preparations, and are not intended to limit the scopeof applicable methods.

Generally, the reaction conditions such as temperature, reaction time,solvents, workup procedures, and the like, will be those common in theart for the particular reaction to be performed. The cited referencematerial, together with material cited therein, contains detaileddescriptions of such conditions. Typically the temperatures will be−100° C. to 200° C., solvents will be aprotic or protic, and reactiontimes will be 10 seconds to 10 days. Workup typically consists ofquenching any unreacted reagents followed by partition between awater/organic layer system (extraction) and separating the layercontaining the product.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are typically carried out attemperatures near room temperature (about 20° C.), although for metalhydride reductions frequently the temperature is reduced to 0° C. to−100° C., solvents are typically aprotic for reductions and may beeither protic or aprotic for oxidations. Reaction times are adjusted toachieve desired conversions.

Condensation reactions are typically carried out at temperatures nearroom temperature, although for non-equilibrating, kinetically controlledcondensations reduced temperatures (0° C. to −100° C.) are also common.Solvents can be either protic (common in equilibrating reactions) oraprotic (common in kinetically controlled reactions).

Standard synthetic techniques such as azeotropic removal of reactionby-products and use of anhydrous reaction conditions (e.g. inert gasenvironments) are common in the art and will be applied when applicable.

General aspects of these exemplary methods are described below. Each ofthe products of the following processes is optionally separated,isolated, and/or purified prior to its use in subsequent processes.

The terms “treated”, “treating”, “treatment”, and the like, meancontacting, mixing, reacting, allowing to react, bringing into contact,and other terms common in the art for indicating that one or morechemical entities is treated in such a manner as to convert it to one ormore other chemical entities. This means that “treating compound onewith compound two” is synonymous with “allowing compound one to reactwith compound two”, “contacting compound one with compound two”,“reacting compound one with compound two”, and other expressions commonin the art of organic synthesis for reasonably indicating that compoundone was “treated”, “reacted”, “allowed to react”, etc., with compoundtwo.

“Treating” indicates the reasonable and usual manner in which organicchemicals are allowed to react. Normal concentrations (0.01M to 10M,typically 0.1M to 1M), temperatures (−100° C. to 250° C., typically −78°C. to 150° C., more typically −78° C. to 100° C., still more typically0° C. to 100° C.), reaction vessels (typically glass, plastic, metal),solvents, pressures, atmospheres (typically air for oxygen and waterinsensitive reactions or nitrogen or argon for oxygen or watersensitive), etc., are intended unless otherwise indicated. The knowledgeof similar reactions known in the art of organic synthesis is used inselecting the conditions and apparatus for “treating” in a givenprocess. In particular, one of ordinary skill in the art of organicsynthesis selects conditions and apparatus reasonably expected tosuccessfully carry out the chemical reactions of the described processesbased on the knowledge in the art.

Modification of the exemplified schemes and examples leads to variousanalogs of the specific exemplary materials produced above. The abovecitations describing suitable methods of organic synthesis areapplicable to such modifications.

In the exemplary schemes it may be advantageous to separate reactionproducts from one another and/or from starting materials. The desiredproducts of each step or series of steps is separated and/or purified(hereinafter separated) to the desired degree of homogeneity by thetechniques common in the art. Typically such separations involvemultiphase extraction, crystallization from a solvent or solventmixture, distillation, sublimation, or chromatography. Chromatographycan involve any number of methods including, for example, size exclusionor ion exchange chromatography, high, medium, or low pressure liquidchromatography, small scale and preparative thin or thick layerchromatography, as well as techniques of small scale thin layer andflash chromatography.

Another class of separation methods involves treatment of a mixture witha reagent selected to bind to or render otherwise separable a desiredproduct, unreacted starting material, reaction by product, or the like.Such reagents include adsorbents or absorbents such as activated carbon,molecular sieves, ion exchange media, or the like. Alternatively, thereagents can be acids in the case of a basic material, bases in the caseof an acidic material, binding reagents such as antibodies, bindingproteins, selective chelators such as crown ethers, liquid/liquid ionextraction reagents (LIX), or the like.

Selection of appropriate methods of separation depends on the nature ofthe materials involved. For example, boiling point, and molecular weightin distillation and sublimation, presence or absence of polar functionalgroups in chromatography, stability of materials in acidic and basicmedia in multiphase extraction, and the like. One skilled in the artwill apply techniques most likely to achieve the desired separation.

Suitable methods for making the compounds of this invention also arefound in WO 2004/005286, in particular schemes 1-13 therein.

Another synthetic route to 5-benzyl-2-phenyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridineand analogues is shown in scheme 1.

The following list includes carboxylic acid reactants which may beemployed in the condensation, ring closure reaction of Scheme 1. Thecompounds so produced will bear the residue of the acid at the site ofYR¹. Optionally, the remainder of the molecule will be as in any of thecompounds of examples 2-7.

Acid MW

258.117

258.117

158.103

174.558

191.013

214.219

152.148

244.22

164.159

190.12

191.013

165.191

214.219

206.118

194.229

164.159

178.23

125.126

112.084

128.151

124.099

200.213

201.201

112.088

124.099

174.158

240.257

166.175

137.137

204.267

141.101

154.139

173.17

173.17

178.21

187.197

173.17

154.139

112.088

192.169

187.197

179.199

124.099

156.204

189.173

113.072

146.144

137.137

174.158

200.213

200.213

252.272

250.256

216.21

216.21

277.116

215.251

215.251

126.114

129.139

143.165

124.099

127.099

126.114

222.238

174.158

230.266

221.279

257.107

223.614

140.141

176.17

188.128

262.21

187.197

178.15

176.17

157.556

234.2

170.138

The following list includes alkylating reagents which may be employed inthe pyridyl alkylation reaction of Scheme 1. Here, the residue of thealkylating agent is located at the XR³ site of the compound of thisinvention. Optionally, the remainder of the compound will be as found inany of the compounds of examples 2-7.

Alkylating reagent MW

195.475

168.666

154.639

154.639

145.588

190.672

338.832

205.039

325.225

262.579

228.721

207.016

307.03

199.09

175.057

154.639

216.663

218.682

275.144

198.648

294.907

244.144

222.084

152.623

118.523

255.138

328.828

202.611

281.123

170.638

257.023

257.023

257.023

257.023

257.023

257.023

255.032

174.63

186.637

247.134

190.672

204.676

257.023

262.579

224.646

194.62

262.617

237.042

275.144

186.637

169.035

229.065

250.727

324.526

261.569

262.617

273.699

249.127

131.561

210.581

303.154

223.471

179.02

273.478

257.023

257.023

241.12

166.61

205.995

188.613

277.696

133.602

208.647

272.144

219.052

229.065

209.699

226.648

132.613

207.659

223.471

276.549

168.047

162.566

224.646

186.637

154.639

277.16

263.133

231.088

200.648

215.727

291.469

273.478

237.498

237.498

223.471

203.053

223.471

253.109

203.053

203.053

273.478

269.059

223.471

289.478

269.059

253.06

253.06

253.06

221.043

285.567

344.203

261.569

212.078

195.57

299.113

228.077

193.632

223.471

255.961

252.11

190.039

176.012

237.099

238.087

239.623

198.648

350.235

252.11

236.111

320.206

228.995

273.478

203.053

214.036

203.053

214.036

285.913

241.462

283.251

177.064

267.922

350.235

350.235

196.7

199.09

199.09

199.09

199.09

253.06

258.103

331.052

88.5365

132.988

102.563

144.644

144.044

296.239

172.098

158.071

170.082

186.081

184.109

149.663

248.195

313.064

158.071

186.124

230.133

129.589

167.038

Scheme 2 shows a synthetic route to5-biarylmethyl-2-phenyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines and5-benzyl-2-biaryl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines.

Scheme 3 shows a synthetic route to5-(alkoxybenzyl)-2-phenyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines and5-benzyl-2-alkoxybenzyl-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines. R, R′, and R″ can beany alkyl, benzylic or heterobenzylic groups.

Analogous compounds may be synthesized in the same fashion as in theforegoing schemes by varying the starting materials, intermediates,solvents and conditions as will be known by those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Part A Compound Synthesis Example 12-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

Phosphorous pentoxide (24.56 g) was dissolved in methanesulfonic acid(165.8 mL) at 50° C. with stirring. To the solution, 3,4-diaminopyridine(12.3 g, 0_(—)11 moles) and 2,3-difluorobenzoic acid (19.4 g, 0.12moles) were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 190° C. for 3hours. The reaction was done three times. The reaction mixtures wascooled to 50° C. and poured into ice with stirring. At this stage, allthree batches were combined. The reaction mixture was neutralized by theaddition of NaOH with stirring until the pH is 8. Solid materialprecipitated out of solution, was collected by filtration and air-dried.The final product was re-crystallized from ethanol/water twice to yield36 g of 2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine. 1H 300 Mhz(CD₃OD) sigma 7.3-7.42 (m, 1p); 7.43-7.58 (m, 1p); 7.70 (d, 1p); 8.0 (m,1p); 8.34 (d, 1p); and 8.95 (s, 1p). LC/MS data M/z=232.

Following the above taught procedure and substituting 2-fluorobenzoicacid in place of 2,3-difluorobenzoic acid, the compound2-(2-fluorophenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine can be prepared.

Example 25-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

To a suspension of 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (11.0 g,50.0 mmoles) in DMF was added a 10% (w/v) solution of aqueous NaOH. Tothis solution, 5-(chloromethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoxazole (13.68 g,60.0 mmoles) dissolved in DMF was added. The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature and monitored every half hour by LCMS. Thereaction was stopped at 4 hours, after LCMS showed no progress betweenat 2 hour and 4 hour monitor points. The reaction product was trituratedwith first with water and then with EtoAc (3×). The material wascrystallized by dissolving the material in MeOH with heat, followed byprecipitation with water. This crystallization process was then repeatedyielding5-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imdazo[4,5-c]pyridine(15.385 g, 38 mmole) as white crystal at a yield of 74%. 1H 300 Mhz(d₆-DMSO) sigma 6.02 (s, 2p); 7.13 (s, 1p); 7.26-7.35 (m, 2p); 7.43-7.52(m, 1p); 7.56 (d, 2p); 7.84 (d, 1); 7.89 (d, 2p); 8.24 (d, 1); 8.28-8.36(m, 1p); and 9.19 (s, 1p). LCMS data M/Z=405.31

Example 3A5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

First, 2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (20 g, 86.6mmole) was added to 430 mL of DMF. Some of the solid material did notdissolve. To this solution was added 43 mL of a 10% NaOH (w/v) solution.With vigorous stirring, the un-dissolved material went into solution.The resulting solution was divided into 30 equal portions of 16.3 mL, 3mmole of 2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine so as to fitinto a microwave reaction vessel. To each reaction vessel was added of1-(chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene (693 mg, 3 mmole). Eachreaction mixture was microwaved for 1 minute at 110° C. Following thecompletion of all the microwave reactions, all of the reaction vesselswere combined (one was lost due to breakage of the vessel) into threebatches for workup. For each batch, DMF was removed by vacuum, and theresulting material washed three times with deionized water. Theresulting crude material was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, Purified using a 330 gSiO₂ column (Redisep (Isco) 0% to 0%/5 min to 10% B/30 min to 20%/5min), and the resulting material was re-crystallized from ethanol/H₂O.The three batches yielded 14 g, 33.5 mmole of5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine.1H 300 Mhz (CD₃OD) sigma 5.79 (s, 2p); 7.25-7.35 (m, 1p); 7.37 (d, 2p);7.38-7.42 (m, 2p); 7.55 (d, 2p); 7.88-7.95 (m, 1p); 8.25 (d, 1p); and9.05 (s, 1p). LC/MS M/z=406.23.

Example 3B

Following the above-taught procedure, and substituting1-(chloromethyl)-2,4 difluorobenzene in place of1-(chloromethyl)-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene, the compound5-(4-iodobenzyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine can beprepared.

Example 45-(2,4-difluoro-biphenyl)methyl-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

2,4-difluorophenylboronic acid (196 mg, 1.24 mmole) was added to asolution of5-(4-iodobenzyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (460mg, 1.03 mmole) in DMF (10 mL). Na₂CO₃ was dissolved in H₂O, added tothe DMF solution and stirred. Pd(PPh3)₄ was then added to the DMFreaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated in a microwave at 200°C. for 2 minutes. After extractive work-up using ethyl acetate/water,the crude product was purified in two batches using an Isco 40 g SiO₂column (0 to 10% B/20 min, A=CH₂Cl₂, B=MeOH, flow rate=40 ml/min) foreach purification. The pure product fractions were combined andconcentrated. The resulting solid was re-crystallized from CH₂Cl/hexane.The collected crystals were dried under high vacuum overnight resultingin5-(2,4-difluoro-biphenyl)methyl-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine(223 mg, 0.515 mmole) at 50% yield. 1H 300 Mhz (CD3OD) sigma 5.8 (s,2p); 7.0-7.1 (m, 2p); 7.25-7.35 (m, 1p); 7.35-7.45 (m, 1p); 7.45-7.60(m, 5p); 7.85 (d, 1p); 7.85-8.0 (m, 1p); 8.3 (d, 1p); and 9.10 (s, 1p).LC/MS data M/z=434.18.

Example 55-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

To a solution of azabelizimidazole (10 g, 43.3 mmole) in DMF was added10% (w/v) aqueous NaOH followed by a solution of5-(chloromethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-isoxazole (11.8 g, 51.9 mmole) inDMF. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7 hours,and then concentrated. The solid material was treated with EtOAc/H₂O,and collected by filtering. The solid material was then tritrated withH₂O and EtoAc, and air-dried. The solid was further purified byre-crystallization from MeOH to obtain5-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine(8.5 g, 20.1 mmole) at 46.6% yield. 1H 300 Mhz (DMSO-d6) sigma 6.03 (s,2p); 7.12 (s, 1p); 7.25-7.35 (m, 1p); 7.44-7.53 (m, 1p); 7.55 (d, 2p);7.88 (d, 3p); 8.11-8.18 (m, 1p); 8.24-8.29 (dd, 1p); and 9.23 (s, 1p).LC/MS data M/z=423.34, 425.22

Example 65-((3-(2,4-trifluoromethyphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

2,4-(bis-trifluoromethyl)benzaldoxime

To aromatic aldehyde (0.021 mol) suspended in EtOH/H₂O (1:2, 230 mL,0.09 M) was added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.58 g, 0.023 mol) andcooled to 4° C. To this solution was added aqueous NaOH 50% w/w (4.13mL, 0.052 mol) dropwise. After stirring for 1.5 h at room temperature,the reaction mixture was acidified with 2N aqueous HCl and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The organic solution was washed with saturatedaqueous NaCl and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gavecrude oxime (5.3 g, quant.) that was used directly in the next step.

2,4-(bis-trifluoromethyl)phenyl chloromethyl isoxazole

2,4-(bis-trifluoromethyl)benzaldoxime (9.75 g, 0.038 mol) was suspendedin CH₂Cl₂ (45 mL, 0.85 M) and cooled to 4° C. Propargyl chloride (2.72mL, 0.038 mol) was added to the reaction solution followed by dropwiseaddition of NaOCl (10-13% free chlorine, 37.6 mL, 0.061 mol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at 4° C. for 15 min then heated to refluxfor 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was partitionedbetween CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer was separated, washed withsaturated aqueous NaCl, and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal ofsolvent, the crude product chloromethylisoxazole was purified by columnchromatography on silica (10% CH₂Cl₂/hexanes) (6.5 g, 0.020 mol).

5-((3-(2,4-trifluoromethyphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

To imidazopyridine (14.28 g, 0.067 mol) suspended in DMF (40 mL) wasadded aqueous NaOH 10% w/w (32.2 mL, 0.080 mol) dropwise followed byaddition of the chloromethyl isoxazole from the previous step (26.3 g,0.080 mol) in DMF (16 mL). After stirring for 12 h at room temperature,solvents were evaporated to give crude product as a tan solid. The crudesolid was triturated with H₂O (7×) and crystallized (2×) from MeOH/H₂O(2:1) to provide pure title product.

NMR; 300 Mhz D₆MSO

Chemical shift, multiplicity, # of protons:

-   6.1, s, 2-   7.0, s, 1-   7.3, t, 2-   7.4-7.5, m, 1-   7.8-7.9, d, 1-   7.9-8.0, d, 1-   8.2-8.4, m, 4-   9.2, s, 1

Example 75-((3-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

Isoxazole Synthesis

Compound MW Amount Moles Equivalents A 207.13 9.3 g 0.044 1 NaOCl (10%free Cl) 74.44 43.0 mL 0.44 1.6 Propargyl chloride 74.51 3.14 mL 0.044 1Dichloromethane 48.7 mL“A” was suspended in dichloromethane at 0° C. and NaOCl was added at 0°C. with vigorous stirring, followed by propargyl chloride. Reactionstirred at 0° C. for 5 min and then heated to reflux for 2 h. It wasthen cooled to room temperature, washed with water, dried over sodiumsulfate and concentrated in vacuo to obtain a yellow solid. It waspurified on the combiflash on a silica gel column, eluting with 3-50%ethyl acetate-hexanes. 4.5 g of shiny white solid obtained.

Compound MW Amount mMoles Equivalents A 279.62 2.0 g 7.6 1.2 B 213.211.373 g 6.4 1 10% w/v 2.26 mL aq NaOH DMF 13.73 mL + 6.56 mL“B” was suspended in 13.73 mL DMF and 10% (w/v) aq. NaOH was added toit. “A” was dissolved in 6.56 mL DMF and this solution was added to theabove with stirring. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5hours. DMF was removed by concentrating in vacuo and the solid obtainedwas triturated with water two times and then with ethyl acetate. Thesolid thus obtained was recrystallized from methanol-water to obtain 533mg of the desired compound.

NMR (DMSO) Data:

Chemical shift, multiplicity, # of protons:

-   6.14, s, 2-   7.18, d, 1-   7.28-7.36, m, 2-   7.44-7.54, m, 1-   7.70-7.76, d, 1-   7.86-7.90, d, 1-   7.90-7.96, d, 1-   8.08-8.16, t, 1-   8.28-8.36, t, 2-   9.24, s, 1

Example 8A5-((3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

To a solution of azabenzimidazole (12.7 g, 59.6 mmole) in DMF (120 mL)was added 10% (w/v) aqueous NaOH (30.5 mL, 76.6 mmole) followed by asolution of5-(chloromethyl)-3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl)-isoxazole (21.3 g,76.6 mmole) in DMF (60 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 hours, and then concentrated. The material wasprecipitated from MeOH/H₂O, and collected by filtering. The solidmaterial was recrystallized from EtoAc/hexanes to obtain5-((3-(2-trifluoromethy-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinein 69% yield.

NMR Data 300 Mhz D₆MSO

Chemical shift, multiplicity, #of protons:

-   6.15, s, 2-   6.91, s, 1-   7.3, t, 2-   7.42-7.52, m, 1-   7.65-7.9, m, 2-   7.84-7.9, m, 2-   8.22-8.45, m, 2-   9.19, S, 1

Example 8B

Salts of5-((3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine

Methanesulfonic Acid Salt

5-((3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinefree base (200 mg) was slurried in 2.0 mL acetone. Methanesulfonic acid(42.6 mg) was added and the mixture was warmed to ˜60° C. Water wasadded in small increments until a solution was formed (110 μL required).The solution was cooled to ambient temperature and stirred overnight.The slurry was cooled in an ice bath before being filtered and washedwith acetone. The solid obtained was dried at 40° C. to give 149 mg ofthe desired salt. DSC endotherm 213.1° C. NMR was consistent with thedesired structure.

HCl Salt

5-((3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinefree base (200 mg) was slurried in 2.0 mL acetone. Concentratedhydrochloric acid (46 mg) was added and the mixture was warmed to ˜60°C. Water was added to the thick slurry in small increments until asolution was formed (100 μL required). The solution was cooled toambient temperature and stirred overnight. The slurry was cooled in anice bath before being filtered and washed with acetone. The solidobtained was dried at 40° C. to give 80 mg of the desired salt. DSCendotherm 241.5° C. NMR consistent with the desired structure.

Example 8B Formulation of5-((3-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridinesalts

Either salt of Example 7B was mixed 1:1 by weight in dry pregelatinizedstarch. 100 mg of the mixture was loaded into a hard gel capsule.

Additional compounds of this invention were made by the methods ofprocedures A, C, D, E and F.

Procedure A; Alkylation

For compounds prepared in an array format, 100 um of the scaffold (inthis case 2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine) was usedfor each reaction. The total amount of2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine was dissolved inenough DMF to give 500 ul/reaction. To each solution was added 60 μL of10% (w/v)NaOH/H₂O. The alkylating agents were dissolved in DMF at aconcentration 480 μmole/mL and 250 μL of these solutions were added tothe respective reaction. Each reaction was then heated to 110° C. for 1min using microwave irradiation. After cooling, the reactions werefiltered through a 0.45 um filter. Each compound was then purified bymass based fractionation on a C-18 reverse phase column using 0.1%TFA/H₂O and 0.1% TFA/Acetonitrile as the eluting solvents. Each compoundwas identified by its mass spectrum and purity was determined by UVabsorbance at 254 nm. The HPLC fractions were concentrated bycentrifugal evaporation and weighed to determine quantity collected.Procedure C; Suzuki Boronic Acid

The aryl boronic acid (1.2 eq.) was added to a solution of5-(4-iodobenzyl)-2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (1eq.) in DMF. Na₂CO₃ (2 eq) was dissolved in H₂O, added to the DMFsolution and stirred. Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mole %) was then added to the DMFreaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated in a microwave at 200°C. for 2 minutes. The reaction mixture was applied to a 1 g solid phaseextraction cartridge (C-18) and the column washed with 3×2 mL ofmethanol. The eluents were filtered through a 0.45 um filter and thenconcentrated to dryness. The resulting material was redissolved in DMF,and purified by reverse phase HPLC/MS.Procedure DGeneral Procedure for Oxime Formation

To aromatic aldehyde suspended in EtOH/H₂O (1:2) was added hydroxylaminehydrochloride (1.1 equiv.) and cooled to 4° C. To this solution wasadded aqueous NaOH 50% w/w (2.5 equiv.) dropwise. After stirring for 1.5h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was acidified with 2Naqueous HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic solution washed withsaturated aqueous NaCl and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solventgave crude oxime that was used directly in the next step.

General Procedure for Cycloaddition

Oxime was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ and cooled to 4° C. Propargyl chloride (1equiv.) was added to the reaction solution followed by dropwise additionof NaOCl (10-13% free chlorine, 1 equiv.). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 4° C. for 15 min then heated to reflux for 3 h. After coolingto room temperature, the reaction was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ andH₂O. The organic layer was separated, washed with saturated aqueousNaCl, and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of solvent, the crudeproduct was purified by trituration (hexanes) or by columnchromatography on silica (10% CH₂Cl₂/hexanes).

General Procedure for Alkylation

To imidazopyridine suspended in DMF was added aqueous NaOH 10% w/w (1.2equiv.) dropwise followed by addition of chloromethyl isoxazole (1.2equiv.) in DMF. After stirring for 12 h at room temperature, solventswere evaporated to give crude product as a tan solid. The crude solidwas triturated with H₂O and crystallized from MeOH/H₂O (2:1) to providepure final product.

Procedure E; Suzuki Bromides

The aryl bromide (1.2 eq.) was added to a solution of4-((2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)methyl)phenylboronicacid (1 eq.) in DMF. Na₂CO₃ (2 eq) was dissolved in H₂O, added to theDMF solution and stirred. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (5 mole %) was then added to the DMFreaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated in a microwave at 200°C. for 2 minutes. The reaction mixture was applied to a 1 g solid phaseextraction cartridge (C₁₋₁₈) and the column washed with 3×2 mL ofmethanol. The eluents were filtered through a 0.45 um filter and thenconcentrated to dryness. The resulting material was redissolved in DMF,and purified by reverse phase HPLC/MS.

Procedure F

Preparation of Biphenyl Array

The appropriately substituted4′-[2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-biphenyl-4-ol(5) scaffold was prepared by first treating2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine) (1) with1-bromomethyl-4-iodobenzene (2) in DMF using aqueous sodium hydroxide asbase. The resulting2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(4-iodo-benzyl)-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (3)(1 equivalent) was treated with three different substituted4-hydroxyphenyl boronic acids ((4-hydroxyphenyl)boronic acid,4-Hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl boronic acid and(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid) and(4-Fluoro-2-hydroxy)phenylboronic acid (1.1 equivalents) under Suzukicoupling conditions (sodium carbonate, water, palladiumtetrakis(triphenyl)phosphine) to afford the appropriately substituted4′-[2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-biphenyl-4-olor-[2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-biphenyl-2-ol.The products were precipitated in ethyl acetate and filtered over amedium frit followed by washing with water to afford the pure product(5).

For compounds prepared in array format of the general type (7), 50 μM ofthe scaffold (5) in 250 μL DMF was used for each reaction. To eachreaction was added 1.4 equivalents of Cesium Carbonate. The alkylatingagents (6) were added as a 0.4M solution (0.05 mMoles) in DMF. Thereactions were shaken at 60° C. for 4 hours and monitored by analyticalLC/MS. Each reaction was filtered through a 0.45 μM filter and purifiedby mass-based fractionation on a C-18 reverse phase column using 0.1%TFA/water and 0.1% TFA/acetonitrile as the eluting solvents. Eachcompound was identified by its mass spectrum and purity was determinedby its UV absorbance at 254 nm. The HPLC fractions were concentrated invacuo and weighed to afford the product (7) as its trifluoroacetatesalt.

The compounds produced according to these procedures and examples, andcertain of their properties, are described in the Table below. Thesubstituent designated “C” is methyl.

Structures Purity MW Obs. MW Method Example 9 95 387.340 388.340 A

Example 10 90 395.440 396.440 A

Example 11 90 413.431 414.431 A

Example 12 92 404.451 405.451 A

Example 13 95 407.451 408.451 A

Example 14 85 405.479 406.479 A

Example 15 90 389.331 390.331 A

Example 16 90 431.418 432.418 A

Example 17 93 404.834 405.834 A

Example 18 90 370.389 371.389 A

Example 19 95 389.331 390.331 A

Example 20 95 389.331 390.331 A

Example 21 95 389.331 390.331 A

Example 22 97 355.777 356.777 A

Example 23 90 407.451 408.451 A

Example 24 90 461.134 462.134 A

Example 25 90 401.404 402.404 A

Example 26 95 371.377 372.377 A

Example 27 95 439.375 440.375 A

Example 28 90 405.822 406.822 A

Example 29 90 427.485 428.485 A

Example 30 85 456.833 457.833 A

Example 31 95 439.375 440.375 A

Example 32 90 386.454 387.454 A

Example 33 90 392.480 393.480 A

Example 34 95 361.301 362.301 A

Example 35 92 369.804 370.804 A

Example 36 90 405.785 406.785 A

Example 37 92 421.785 422.785 A

Example 38 90 401.367 402.367 A

Example 39 90 351.814 352.814 A

Example 40 92 423.812 424.812 A

Example 41 98 339.391 340.391 A

Example 42 92 449.408 450.408 A

Example 43 95 422.825 423.825 A

Example 44 93 388.380 389.380 A

Example 45 95 479.124 480.124 A

Example 46 97 419.394 420.394 A

Example 47 94 389.367 390.367 A

Example 48 92 457.366 458.366 A

Example 49 90 363.778 364.778 A

Example 50 92 445.476 446.476 A

Example 51 95 457.366 458.366 A

Example 52 95 472.443 473.443 A

Example 53 95 404.444 405.444 A

Example 54 95 395.393 396.393 A

Example 55 90 410.470 411.470 A

Example 56 92 457.329 458.329 A

Example 57 93 353.350 354.350 A

Example 58 95 423.776 424.776 A

Example 59 95 439.775 440.775 A

Example 60 92 419.357 420.357 A

Example 61 90 390.222 391.222 A

Example 62 90 405.330 406.330 A

Example 63 90 431.421 432.421 A

Example 64 0 422.441 423.441 A

Example 65 90 425.442 426.442 A

Example 66 95 431.876 432.876 C

Example 67 95 442.429 443.429 C

Example 68 95 411.458 412.458 C

Example 69 95 411.458 412.458 C

Example 70 95 411.458 412.458 C

Example 71 95 415.422 416.422 C

Example 72 95 403.457 404.457 C

Example 73 90 441.485 442.485 C

Example 74 95 465.430 466.430 C

Example 75 95 431.876 432.876 C

Example 76 95 415.422 416.422 C

Example 77 95 441.485 442.485 C

Example 78 95 441.485 442.485 C

Example 79 95 443.522 444.522 C

Example 80 95 387.392 388.392 C

Example 81 95 433.412 434.412 C

Example 82 95 439.469 440.469 C

Example 83 95 439.469 440.469 C

Example 84 95 425.485 426.485 C

Example 85 95 465.430 466.430 C

Example 86 95 465.430 466.430 C

Example 87 95 415.422 416.422 C

Example 88 95 466.321 467.321 C

Example 89 95 433.412 434.412 C

Example 90 95 533.428 534.428 C

Example 91 95 466.321 467.321 C

Example 92 90 425.485 426.485 C

Example 93 90 457.484 458.484 C

Example 94 90 447.492 448.492 C

Example 95 90 489.529 490.529 C

Example 96 90 457.484 458.484 C

Example 97 90 425.485 426.485 C

Example 98 90 425.485 426.485 C

Example 99 90 440.500 441.500 C

Example 100 90 429.449 430.449 C

Example 101 90 437.902 438.902 C

Example 102 90 437.453 438.453 C

Example 103 90 453.517 454.517 C

Example 104 90 481.429 482.429 C

Example 105 90 481.429 482.429 C

Example 106 90 453.517 454.517 C

Example 107 90 449.867 450.867 C

Example 108 90 466.321 467.321 C

Example 109 90 422.441 423.441 C

Example 110 90 433.412 434.412 C

Example 111 90 442.429 443.429 C

Example 112 90 427.458 428.458 C

Example 113 90 427.458 428.458 C

Example 114 90 425.485 426.485 C

Example 115 90 439.512 440.512 C

Example 116 90 466.321 467.321 C

Example 117 90 503.556 504.556 C

Example 118 90 443.522 444.522 C

Example 119 90 422.441 423.441 C

Example 120 90 475.521 476.521 C

Example 121 90 433.412 434.412 C

Example 122 90 503.556 504.556 C

Example 123 90 429.449 430.449 C

Example 124 90 453.540 454.540 C

Example 125 90 466.321 467.321 C

Example 126 90 456.456 457.456 C

Example 127 90 481.429 482.429 C

Example 128 90 483.522 484.522 C

Example 129 90 445.448 446.448 C

Example 130 90 392.870 393.870 A

Example 131 90 358.425 359.425 A

Example 132 90 392.486 393.486 A

Example 133 90 453.540 454.540 C

Example 134 90 546.582 547.582 C

Example 135 90 445.448 446.448 C

Example 136 0 456.378 457.378 A

Example 137 95 472.378 473.378 A

Example 138 95 423.812 424.812 A

Example 139 99 457.270 458.270 D

Example 140 98 472.378 473.378 D

Example 141 98 524.377 525.377 D

Example 142 0 474.369 475.369 D

Example 143 99 454.387 455.387 D

Example 144 98 474.369 475.369 D

Example 145 98 485.266 486.266 D

Example 146 95 442.351 443.351 D

Example 147 90 420.397 421.397 D

Example 148 90 402.407 403.407 D

Example 149 98 448.433 449.433 D

Example 150 98 474.369 475.369 D

Example 151 96 439.280 440.280 D

Example 152 98 454.387 455.387 D

Example 153 98 506.386 507.386 D

Example 154 98 456.378 457.378 D

Example 155 98 436.397 437.397 D

Example 156 98 456.378 457.378 D

Example 157 98 467.276 468.276 D

Example 158 98 430.442 431.442 D

Example 159 98 456.378 457.378 D

Example 160 85 473.725 474.725 D

Example 161 98 488.832 489.832 D

Example 162 98 540.831 541.831 D

Example 163 98 490.823 491.823 D

Example 164 98 470.842 471.842 D

Example 165 98 490.823 491.823 D

Example 166 98 501.721 502.721 D

Example 167 90 415.422 416.422 C

Example 168 90 483.420 484.420 C

Example 169 90 499.419 500.419 C

Example 170 90 445.448 446.448 C

Example 171 90 461.513 462.513 C

Example 172 90 451.402 452.402 C

Example 173 90 465.430 466.430 C

Example 174 90 481.429 482.429 C

Example 175 90 427.458 428.458 C

Example 176 90 443.522 444.522 C

Example 177 90 433.412 434.412 C

Example 178 90 431.876 432.876 C

Example 179 90 515.874 516.874 C

Example 180 90 461.903 462.903 C

Example 181 90 477.967 478.967 C

Example 182 90 467.857 468.857 C

Example 183 90 501.410 502.410 C

Example 184 90 397.431 398.431 C

Example 185 95 479.556 480.556 E

Example 186 95 423.469 424.469 E

Example 187 95 441.485 442.485 E

Example 188 95 455.468 456.468 E

Example 189 95 469.495 470.495 E

Example 190 95 483.522 484.522 E

Example 192 95 436.468 437.468 E

Example 193 95 475.475 476.475 E

Example 194 95 453.496 454.496 E

Example 195 95 463.438 464.438 E

Example 196 95 464.479 465.479 E

Example 199 90 415.422 416.422 C

Example 200 90 483.420 484.420 C

Example 201 90 499.419 500.419 C

Example 202 90 445.448 446.448 C

Example 203 90 461.513 462.513 C

Example 204 90 451.402 452.402 C

Example 205 90 397.431 398.431 C

Example 206 90 465.430 466.430 C

Example 207 90 481.429 482.429 C

Example 208 90 427.458 428.458 C

Example 209 90 443.522 444.522 C

Example 210 90 433.412 434.412 C

Example 211 90 431.876 432.876 C

Example 212 90 499.875 500.875 C

Example 213 90 477.967 478.967 C

Example 214 95 462.506 463.506 E

Example 215 95 421.840 422.840 A

Example 216 95 403.850 404.850 A

Example 217 95 417.422 418.422 A

Example 218 95 399.431 400.431 A

Example 219 95 434.400 435.400 A

Example 220 95 416.409 417.409 A

Example 221 98 424.361 425.361 D

Example 222 85 406.370 407.370 D

Example 223 98 440.815 441.815 D

Example 224 90 553.493 554.493 F

Example 225 90 567.520 568.520 F

Example 226 90 579.575 580.575 F

Example 227 84 551.521 552.521 F

Example 228 100 537.537 538.537 F

Example 229 92 551.564 552.564 F

Example 230 100 593.646 594.646 F

Example 231 81 567.520 568.520 F

Example 232 78 539.510 540.510 F

Example 233 77 583.563 584.563 F

Example 234 85 549.548 550.548 F

Example 235 85 579.531 580.531 F

Example 236 82 593.558 594.558 F

Example 237 90 535.521 536.521 F

Example 238 85 551.564 552.564 F

Example 239 85 595.574 596.574 F

Example 240 80 551.564 552.564 F

Example 241 85 535.521 536.521 F

Example 242 85 577.603 578.603 F

Example 243 100 595.574 596.574 F

Example 244 83 533.505 534.505 F

Example 245 90 487.529 488.529 F

Example 246 90 501.556 502.556 F

Example 247 90 501.556 502.556 F

Example 248 90 501.556 502.556 F

Example 249 90 539.485 540.485 F

Example 250 90 483.497 484.497 F

Example 251 90 483.566 484.566 F

Example 252 90 513.549 514.549 F

Example 253 90 485.538 486.538 F

Example 254 90 529.592 530.592 F

Example 255 90 525.560 526.560 F

Example 256 90 481.550 482.550 F

Example 257 90 541.603 542.603 F

Example 258 90 481.550 482.550 F

Example 259 90 541.603 542.603 F

Example 260 90 479.534 480.534 F

Example 261 90 522.559 523.559 F

Example 262 90 469.539 470.539 F

Example 263 90 471.511 472.511 F

Example 264 90 515.565 516.565 F

Example 265 90 511.533 512.533 F

Example 266 90 467.523 468.523 F

Example 267 90 527.576 528.576 F

Example 268 90 521.494 522.494 F

Example 269 80 465.507 466.507 F

Example 270 90 453.496 454.496 F

Example 271 90 470.483 471.483 F

Example 272 90 495.577 496.577 F

Example 273 90 481.550 482.550 F

Example 274 90 610.644 611.644 F

Example 275 90 506.560 507.560 F

Example 276 90 485.538 486.538 F

Example 277 90 595.574 596.574 F

Example 278 90 521.494 522.494 F

Example 279 90 538.481 539.481 F

Example 280 90 563.576 564.576 F

Example 281 85 565.548 566.548 F

Example 282 90 580.606 581.606 F

Example 283 90 549.548 550.548 F

Example 284 85 678.643 679.643 F

Example 285 90 574.558 575.558 F

Example 286 90 588.585 589.585 F

Example 287 90 659.599 660.599 F

Example 288 90 617.547 618.547 F

Example 289 90 572.542 573.542 F

Example 290 90 553.537 554.537 F

Example 291 90 629.514 630.514 F

Example 292 85 571.502 572.502 F

Example 293 80 545.566 546.566 F

Example 294 90 471.486 472.486 F

Example 295 90 488.473 489.473 F

Example 296 90 628.635 629.635 F

Example 297 90 524.550 525.550 F

Example 298 90 538.577 539.577 F

Example 300 90 503.529 504.529 F

Example 301 90 579.506 580.506 F

Example 302 90 521.494 522.494 F

Example 303 90 541.603 542.603 F

Example 304 90 467.523 468.523 F

Example 305 90 483.566 484.566 F

Example 306 90 509.604 510.604 F

Example 307 90 511.577 512.577 F

Example 308 90 495.577 496.577 F

Example 309 90 520.587 521.587 F

Example 310 90 534.614 535.614 F

Example 311 90 605.627 606.627 F

Example 312 90 563.576 564.576 F

Example 313 90 499.565 500.565 F

Example 314 90 575.543 576.543 F

Example 315 90 791.891 792.891 F

Example 316 95 486.405 487.405 D

Example 317 90 417.397 418.397 A

Example 318 90 396.787 397.787 A

Example 319 90 387.34 A

Example 320 90 371.34 A

Example 321 90 400.23 A

Example 322 90 401.37 A

Example 323 90 405.33 A

Example 324 90 345.42 A

Example 325 90 409.47 A

Example 326 90 403.40 A

Example 327 90 363.41 A

Example 328 90 389.33 A

Example 329 90 359.45 A

Example 330 90 385.37 A

Example 331 90 417.37 A

Example 332 90 421.78 A

Example 333 90 466.24 A

Example 334 90 393.90 A

Example 335 90 416.68 A

Example 336 90 405.79 A

Example 337 90 463.68 A

Example 338 90 379.87 A

Example 339 90 423.81

Example 340 90 419.39

Example 341 90 403.39

Example 342 90 418.41 D

Example 343 90 402.41 D

Example 344 90 378.34 D

Example 345 90 394.41 D

Example 346 90 431.45 D

Example 347 90 464.48 D

Example 348 90 467.28 D

Example 349 90 494.51 D

Example 350 90 434.47 D

Example 351 90 432.43 D

Example 352 90 432.43 D

Example 353 90 436.40 D

Example 354 90 440.82 D

Example 355 90 446.46 D

Example 356 90 480.48 D

Example 357 90 391.38 D

Example 358 90 446.46 D

Example 359 90 440.82 D

Example 360 90 478.48 D

Example 361 90 428.85 D

Example 362 90 460.49 D

Example 363 90 428.47 D

Example 364 90 444.44 D

Example 365 90 474.51 D

Example 366 90 473.30 D

Example 367 90 378.34 D

Example 368 90 500.55 D

Example 369 90 500.55 D

Example 370 90 488.54 D

Example 371 90 488.53 D

Example 372 90 487.4 D

Example 373 90 417.4 C

Example 374 Isoxazole Analogues

Synthesis of 374a:

To a stirred solution of 4-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (3.000 g) in 50% ethanol(7 mL) ice (10 g) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.100 g) were added,followed by 30% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3.5 mL). Aftercompletion of the reaction (1 h) hydrochloric acid was added to adjustpH to 1 and the suspension was cooled on an ice bath and filtered. Thecrude oxime can be used for the next step without purification.Alternatively, it can be recrystallized from a mixture of diisopropylether and ethyl acetate. Yield: 71%.

To a solution of propargyl chloride (655 mg, 1 equ.) and triethylamine(35 mg, 0.1 equ.) in dichloromethane (9.5 mL) were subsequently addedwith cooling 10% aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution (9.5 mL, 1.5 equ.)and then a solution of the oxime (1.40 g, ˜1.3 M in dichloromethane)over a period of 15 minutes and stirring was continued for an additionalhour. The reaction was monitored by TLC (silicagel, eluent: 5% MeOH indichloromethane). After completion the reaction mixture was extracted 3times with 30 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were driedover anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure.The crude 5-(chloromethyl)-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-isoxazole was purified bycolumn chromatography (silicagel, ethyl acetate/petroleum ether=1:9).Yield: 1.1 g.

A mixture of 3,4-diaminopyridine (2.00 g), 2,3-difluorobenzoic acid (1equivalent) and polyphosphoric acid (50 g) was heated at 180° C. for 4 hwith stirring. Then the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature andpoured into ice/water. The resulting mixture was neutralized by additionof solid NaOH. The crude2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine was collected byfiltration, washed with water and dried. It was used in the next stepwithout further purification. Yield: 88%.

2-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (0.500 g) wasdissolved in dry DMF (5 mL) and the resulting solution was cooled to 0°C. Aqueous 50% sodium hydroxide (1.5 equivalents) was added and themixture was stirred for 15 min. Then5-(chloromethyl)-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-isoxazole (1.2 equivalents) wasadded and the resulting mixture was stirred for 24 h at roomtemperature. Finally, water (50 mL) was added, the precipitate wascollected by filtration and dried to give the crude product.

Recrystallized from ethyl acetate; colorless crystals; yield: 35%

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.77 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.02 (s, 2H, CH₂), 4.06 (q, 2H,OCH₂, J=6.9 Hz), 1.32 (t, 3H, CH₃, J=6.9 Hz).

The following examples were prepared by analogy to the above procedure:

374b

Starting from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.79 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.09-7.00 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.01 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.80 (s, 3H,OCH₃).

374c

Starting from 4-methylbenzaldehyde.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (br s, 1H, H4), 8.29 (d, 1H, H6, J=6.7Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.7 Hz), 7.58-7.27 (m,6H, arom. H), 7.00 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.04 (s, 2H, CH₂), 2.41 (s, 3H,CH₃).

374d

Starting from 2-furaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (br s, 1H, H4), 8.28 (d, 1H, H6, J=6.7Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.90-7.87 (m, 2H, arom. H), 7.51 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.32 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.15 (d, 1H, furane-H, J=3.6 Hz),6.96 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.68 (m, 1H, furane-H), 6.02 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374e

Starting from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.6 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.6 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=7.0 Hz),7.75-7.70 (m, 2H, arom. H), 7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.19 (dd, 1H, thiophene-H), 7.06 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.02(s, 2H, CH₂).

374f

Starting from 4-dimethylanainobenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.6 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.6 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=7.0 Hz),7.65 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 6.98 (s, 111, isoxazole-H), 6.76 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 5.75(s, 2H, CH₂), 2.95 (s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂).

374g

Starting from 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.25 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.6 Hz), 8.30 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.6 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.98-7.70 (m, 7H, arom. H),7.57-7.26 (m, 5H, arom. H), 7.18 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.05 (s, 2H,CH₂).

374h

Starting from 4-bromobenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.6 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.6 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.90-7.68 (m, 4H, arom. H),7.51 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.15 (s, 1H,isoxazole-H), 6.05 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374i

Starting from 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.6 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.6 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.90-7.76 (m, 3H, arom. H),7.57-7.26 (m, 7H, arom. H), 7.15-7.05 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.01 (s, 2H,N—CH₂), 5.16 (s, 2H, O—CH₂).

374j

Starting from 4-(methylthio)benzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.79 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.38-7.25 (m, 3H,arom. H), 7.10 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.03 (s, 2H, CH₂), 2.51 (s, 3H,SCH₃).

374k

Starting from 2-fluoro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.26 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.30 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.80 (m, 1H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H, phenyl-H),7.04-6.71 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.03 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.82 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

374w

Prepared as described above, starting from4-chloro-2-fluorobenzaldehyde.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) □ 9.26 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.30 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.90-7.87 (m, 2H, arom. H),7.66 (dd, 1H, arom. H, J=10.8, 1.8 Hz), 7.53-7.41 (m, 2H, arom. H), 7.31(m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.10 (d, 1H, isoxazole-H, J=2.7 Hz), 6.06 (s, 2H,CH₂).

374l

Starting from 4-propoxybenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.29 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.78 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.01 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.97 (t, 2H,OCH₂, J=6.5 Hz), 1.73 (hex, 2H, CH₂), 0.97 (t, 3H, CH₃, J=7.3 Hz).

374m

Starting from 4-phenoxybenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.25 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.29 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 3H, arom. H),7.58-7.05 (m, 10H, arom. H), 6.04 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374n

Starting from 1-methylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.2 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.8 Hz),7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 6.98 (dd, 1H,pyrrole-H), 6.92 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.68 (dd, 1H, pyrrole-H), 6.12(dd, 1H, pyrrole-H), 6.00 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374o

Starting from 4-isopropoxybenzaldehyde.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.4 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=7.0 Hz),7.76 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.05-6.98 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.01 (s, 2H, CH₂), 4.67 (hept,1H, OCH, J=6.2 Hz), 1.26 (d, 6H, (CH₃)₂, J=6.2 Hz).

374p

Synthesized as described above, starting from5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H,H6, J=7.0, 1.4 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=7.0 Hz),7.63 (d, 1H, thiophene-H, J=4.0 Hz), 7.51 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.37-7.24(m, 2H, arom. H), 7.07 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.03 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374q

Synthesized as described above, starting from5-bromothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.4 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.59 (d, 1H, thiophene-H, J=3.6 Hz), 7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.36-7.27(m, 2H, arom. H), 7.06 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 6.02 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374r

Synthesized as described above, starting from 4-butoxybenzaldehyde(prepared by alklylation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde).

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz),7.78 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.07-7.01 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.01 (s, 2H, CH₂), 4.01 (t, 2H,OCH₂, J=6.5 Hz), 1.72 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.42 (m, 2H, CH₂), 0.93 (t, 3H, CH₃,J=7.2 Hz).

374s

Synthesized as described above, starting from 4-propoxybenzaldehyde andusing 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine instead of2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) □ 9.18 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.38-8.23 (m,2H, arom. H), 7.85 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.6 Hz), 7.78 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H),7.54-7.25 (m, 3H, phenyl-H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.00 (s, 2H,CH₂), 3.98 (t, 2H, OCH₂, J=6.6 Hz), 1.73 (hex, 2H, CH₂), 0.97 (t, 3H,CH₃, J=7.3 Hz).

374t

Starting from 4-allyloxybenzaldehyde

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.27 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.7, 1.2 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.7 Hz),7.79 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.09-7.00 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.15-5.98 (m, 3H), 5.45-5.24 (m,2H), 4.62 (d, 2H, J=4.8 Hz).

374u

A mixture of 5-(chloromethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-isoxazole (2.00 g), NCS(11.75 g, 10 equivalents), glacial acetic acid (35 mL) and 20 drops ofconcentrated sulphuric acid is heated to reflux for 3 days. Aftercooling to room temperature dichloromethane (100 mL) is added, and theresulting mixture is extracted with water (2×100 mL) and saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2×100 mL). Then the organic phasewas dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated. The crudeproduct, thus obtained, was purified by column chromatography (silicagel, eluent: petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=19/1) to give 1.14 g.

The final step was performed as described above. Recrystallized from amixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol. Yield: 60%.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) □ 9.20 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.25 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.8 Hz),7.83 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.66 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.51 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.31 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 6.14 (s, 2H, CH₂).

374v

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.18 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.22 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.8 Hz),7.80 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.65 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.30 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 6.11 (s, 2H, CH₂).

Synthesized in analogy to the chloroisoxazole derivative 374u: 4 equ.NBS, 2.5 h reflux, yield: 91%.

Example 375

To a solution of 500 mg 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole in 4 mLcarbontetrachloride is added in portions at 70° C. a mixture of 678 mg(1.2 equi.) NBS and AIBN (62.3 mg, 0.12 equ.). The resulting mixture isheated at reflux for an additional 15 minutes and then cooled to roomtemperature. The precipitate is filtered off and the filtrate isconcentrated to precipitate the crude product (380 mg), which—aftercollecting by filtration and drying—was used in the next step withoutfurther purification

The final step was performed as described above. Recrystallized fromethyl acetate. Yield: 35%.

Example 376 imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one Analogues

A mixture of 4-chloro-3-nitro-pyridin-2-one (1.00 g),4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride (1.226 g), anhydrous potassiumcarbonate (0.871 g) and anhydrous DMF (10 mL) was stirred at ambienttemperature for 24 hours. Then water (100 mL) was added and theresulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water anddried. Yield: 58.2%4-chloro-3-nitro-1-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzyl-pyridin-2-one.

4-Chloro-3-nitro-1-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzyl-pyridin-2-one (500 mg) wasdissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL). Then concentrated aqueous ammonia(7.5 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 24 hours. Water (50 mL) was added and the resultingprecipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried.Yield: 45.8% of4-amino-3-nitro-1-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzyl-pyridin-2-one.

A mixture of 4-amino-3-nitro-1-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzyl-pyridin-2-one(1.400 g), saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride solution (9.4 mL), zinkpowder (1.400 g) and methanol (235 mL) was stirred at room temperaturefor 1 hour. Then additional zink powder (1.400 g) was added and theresulting mixture was stirred for an additional 23 hours. Afterevaporation of the solvent water (30 mL) was added and the pH wasadjusted to 8-9 by addition of 2N NaOH. The resulting mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL) and the combined organic phaseswere washed with water (30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate andevaporated. Yield: 53.4%3,4-diamino-1-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzyl-pyridin-2-one.

A mixture of 3,4-diamino-1-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzyl-pyridin-2-one(0.200 mg), 2,3-difluorobenzaldehyde (100 mg), sodium pyrosulfite (0.134g) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (4.6 mL) was heated at 130° C. for 24hours. Then water (30 mL) was added and the resulting precipitate wascollected by filtration, washed with water and dried. The crude productwas purified by column chromatography (silicagel, eluent:dichloromethane/methanol=12/1) and then recrystallized from a mixture ofdiisopropyl ether and ethyl acetate. Yield: 16.8%.

Melting point: 279-283° C.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.05 (br s, 1H, NH), 7.88 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.74-7.32 (m, 7H, arom. H), 6.69 (br d, 1H, H7, J=6.0 Hz),5.34 (s, 2H, CH₂).

Example 377 Synthesis of the 4-methyl analogue 377

A mixture of 2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (2.00g), 50 mg methyltrioxorhenium, 100 mL methanol and 30% aqueous hydrogenperoxide (4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 days. Then,additional 50 mg of methyltrioxorhenium and 30% hydrogen peroxide (4 mL)were added and the resulting mixture was stirred for another 2 days.After evaporation of the methanol water (200 mL) was added and the pHwas adjusted to 9 by addition of 2N NaOH. The resulting precipitate wasfiltered, dried and recrystallized from a mixture of ethyl acetate (20mL) and ethanol (53 mL) to give 1.208 g (56.5%) of2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine 5-oxide.

2-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine 5-oxide (1.00 g) wasdissolved in dry tetrahydrofurane (100 mL) and MeMgBr-solution (14 mL,3M in diethyl ether) was added dropwise under argon. The resultingmixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at ambient temperature. Then water(100 mL) was added slowly and the pH was adjusted to 8.5. Extractionwith ethyl acetate (3×70 mL), drying of the combined organic phases overanhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent afforded 0.630g (60%) of crude2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-4-methyl-[(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine.Recrystallization from a mixture of diisopropyl ether (20 mL) and ethylacetate (34 mL) gave 240 mg (24.2%) of pure2-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-4-methyl-1(3)H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine.

The final step was performed as described above. Purification by columnchromatography (silica gel, eluent: dichloromethane/methanol=20/1).Yield: 22.4%.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (d, 1H, H6, J=6.8 Hz), 8.11 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.89 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.77 (d, 1H, H7, J=6.8 Hz),7.60-7.41 (m, 3H, arom. H), 7.30 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.12 (s, 1H,isoxazole-H), 6.05 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.05 (s, 3H, CH₃).

Example 378 Synthesis of 7-Substituted Analogues

378a

3-Methyl-4-nitropyridine 1-oxide (5.85 g) was dissolved in glacialacetic acid (115 mL) and hydrogenated in a Parr hydrogenation apparatus(catalyst: 220 mg PtO₂×2H₂O, 50 psi) at ambient temperature for 2.5 h.Then the catalyst was filtered off and the solvent was evaporated. Afteraddition of 150 mL of water the pH was adjusted to 12 by addition of 2NNaOH. The resulting solution was extracted 10 times with 100 mL ofdichloromethane (containing 5% methanol). The combined organic phaseswere dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated to give 3.81 g(83.6%) of 4-amino-3-methylpyridine.

4-Amino-3-methylpyridine (3.00 g) was dissolved with icecooling inconcentrated sulfuric acid (36 mL). Then, fuming nitric acid (4.72 g)was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, thesolution was heated at 60° C. for 14 hours. After cooling to ambienttemperature, the reaction mixture was poured on ice and the resultingsolution was adjusted to pH 13 by addition of solid KOH. The precipitatewas filtered off, washed with water and dried. Yield: 1.198 g (31.3%)4-amino-3-methyl-5-nitropyridine.

A mixture of 4-amino-3-methyl-5-nitropyridine (1.198 g), iron powder(1.748 g), ethanol (52 mL) and hydrochloric acid (13 mL) was heated toreflux for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature the ethanol wasdistilled off and the resulting suspension was diluted with water to 50mL and the pH was adjusted to 13 by addition of 2N NaOH. Extraction withethyl acetate (3×70 mL), drying of the combined organic phases ofanhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent afforded 0.579g (60%) of 3,4-diamino-5-methylpyridine.

The cyclization with 2,3-difluorbenzoic acid in PPA was performed asdescribed above. Purified by column chromatography (silica gel, eluent:dichloromethan/methanol=12/1). Yield: 22.2%.

The final step was performed as described above. Recrystallized from amixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol. Yield: 42.9% 378a.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.14 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.2 Hz), 8.17-8.10 (m,2H, arom. H), 7.90 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.60-7.42 (m, 3H, arom. H),7.32 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.15 (s, 1H, isoxazole-H), 5.99 (s, 2H, CH₂),2.58 (s, 3H, CH₃).

The following compounds were prepared in analogy to the aboveprocedures:

378b

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.32 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.67 (d, 1H, H6,J=1.4 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.78 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.54 (m,1H, phenyl-H), 7.34 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.07-7.00 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.00(s, 2H, CH₂), 4.07 (q, 2H, OCH₂, J=7.0 Hz), 1.33 (t, 3H, CH₃, J=7.0 Hz).

378c

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.47 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.94 (d, 1H, H6,J=1.4 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H),7.63-7.50 (m, 3H, arom. H), 7.35 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.16 (s, 1H,isoxazole-H), 6.10 (s, 2H, CH₂).

378d

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.30 (br s, 1H, H4), 8.66 (dd, 1H, H6,J=7.4, 1.4 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.89 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H),7.61-7.47 (m, 3H, arom. H), 7.33 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.16 (s, 1H,isoxazole-H), 6.04 (s, 2H, CH₂).

Example 379 1,2,4-oxadiazoles

379a

A mixture of 4-methoxybenzonitrile (1.00 g), hydroxylamine hydrochloride(0.785 g), KOH (0.640 g) and methanol (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 3hours. After cooling to room temperature the precipitate was filteredoff and the filtrate was evaporated. The resulting residue was dissolvedin 1N HCl (100 mL) and the resulting solution was extracted with diethylether (100 mL). The aqueous phase was neutralized by addition of solidNaHCO₃ and extracted with diethyl ether (2×100 mL). The combined organicphases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated to give450 mg of the desired amidoxime, which was used without furtherpurification.

A solution of 700 mg of (4-methoxyphenyl)amidoxime and 1.08 g (1.5equivalents) chloroacetic anhydride in toluene (30 mL) was heated toreflux for 3 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature the reactionmixture was extracted subsequently with water (twice 50 mL), saturatedsodium bicarbonate solution (twice 50 mL) and water (50 mL). Finally,the toluene phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate andevaporated to give 660 mg of the desired oxadiazole, which was usedwithout further purification.

The final step was performed as described above (see, for example,isoxazole analogues). Recrystallized from a mixture of ethyl acetate andethanol. Yield: 35%

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.28 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.92-7.77 (m, 3H, arom. H),7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.33 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 3H, arom.H), 6.01 (s, 2H, CH₂), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

379b

Prepared as described above, starting from 4-methylbenzonitrile.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.23 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.31 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.93-7.78 (m, 3H, arom. H),7.50 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.35-7.27 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.25 (s, 2H, CH₂),2.35 (s, 3H, CH₃).

379c

Prepared as described above, starting from pyridine-2-carbonitrile.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.72 (ddd, 1H,pyridine-H), 8.32 (dd, 1H, H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H, phenyl-H),8.00-7.90 (m, 3H, arom. H), 7.64-7.27 (m, 3H, arom. H), 6.30 (s, 2H,CH₂).

379d

Prepared as described above, starting from 4-chlorobenzonitrile.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.31 (dd, 1H,H6, J=6.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.16 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.96-7.90 (m, 3H, arom. H),7.60 (AA′BB′, 2H, benzyl-H), 7.49 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.34 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 6.28 (s, 2H, CH₂).

379e

Prepared as described above, starting from pyridine-4-carbonitrile.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.24 (d, 1H, H4, J=1.4 Hz), 8.77 (AA′BB′,2H, pyridine-H2/6), 8.32 (dd, 1H, H6, J=7.0, 1.4 Hz), 8.15 (m, 1H,phenyl-H), 7.93 (d, 1H, H7, J=7.0 Hz), 7.86 (AA′BB′, 2H, pyridine-H3/5),7.51 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 7.32 (m, 1H, phenyl-H), 6.32 (s, 2H, CH₂).

Part B Methodology for Determination of Antiviral and CytostaticActivity

Cells and Viruses

Madin-Darbey Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells were maintained in Dulbecco'smodified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with BVDV-free 5% fetal calfserum (DMEME-FCS) at 37° C. in a humidified, 5% CO₂ atmosphere. BVDV-1(strain PE515) was used to assess the antiviral activity in MDBK cells.

Anti-BVDV Assay

Ninety-six-well cell culture plates were seeded with MDBK cells inDMEM-FCS so that cells reached 24 hr later confluency. Then medium wasremoved and serial 5-fold dilutions of the test compounds were added ina total volume of 100 μL, after which the virus inoculum (100 μL) wasadded to each well. The virus inoculum used resulted in a greater than90% destruction of the cell monolayer after 5 days incubation at 37° C.Uninfected cells and cells receiving virus without compound wereincluded in each assay plate. After 5 days, medium was removed and 90 μLof DMEM-FCS and 10 μL of MTS/PMS solution (Promega) was added to eachwell. Following a 2 hr incubation period at 37° C. the optical densityof the wells was read at 498 nm in a microplate reader. The 50%effective concentration (EC₅₀) value was defined as the concentration ofcompound that protects 50% of the cell monolayer from virus-inducedcytopathic effect.

Anti-HCV Assay/Replicon Assay—1

Huh-5-2 cells [a cell line with a persistent HCV repliconI389luc-ubi-neo/NS3-3′/5.1; replicon with fireflyluciferase-ubiquitin-neomycin phosphotransferase fusion protein andEMCV-IRES driven NS3-5B HCV polyprotein] was cultured in RPMI medium(Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine (LifeTechnologies), 1× non-essential amino acids (Life Technologies); 100IU/mL penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 250 μg/mL G418(Geneticin, Life Technologies). Cells were seeded at a density of 7000cells per well in 96 well View Plate™ (Packard) in medium containing thesame components as described above, except for G418. Cells were allowedto adhere and proliferate for 24 hr. At that time, culture medium wasremoved and serial dilutions of the test compounds were added in culturemedium lacking G418. Interferon alfa 2a (500 IU) was included as apositive control. Plates were further incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ for72 hours. Replication of the HCV replicon in Huh-5 cells results inluciferase activity in the cells. Luciferase activity is measured byadding 50 μL of 1× Glo-lysis buffer (Promega) for 15 minutes followed by50 μL of the Steady-Glo Luciferase assay reagent (Promega). Luciferaseactivity is measured with a luminometer and the signal in eachindividual well is expressed as a percentage of the untreated cultures.Parallel cultures of Huh-5-2 cells, seeded at a density of 7000cells/well of classical 96-well cell culture plates (Becton-Dickinson)are treated in a similar fashion except that no Glo-lysis buffer orSteady-Glo Luciferase reagent is added. Instead the density of theculture is measured by means of the MTS method (Promega).

Quantitative Analysis of HCV RNA by Tagman Real-Time RT-PCR

Replicon cells were plated at 7.5×10³ cells per well in a 96-well plateplates at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in Dulbecco's modified essential mediumcontaining 10% fetal calf serum, 1% nonessential amino acids and 1 mg/mlGeneticin. After allowing 24 h for cell attachment, different dilutionsof compound were added to the cultures. Plates were incubated for 5days, at which time RNA was extracted using the Qiamp Rneazyi Kit(Qiagen, Hilden, Gemiany). A 50 μL PCR reaction contained TaqMan EZbuffer (50 mmol/L Bicine, 115 mmol/L potassium acetate, 0.01 mmol/LEDTA, 60 mmol/L 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine, and 8% glycerol, pH 8.2; PerkinElmer Corp./Applied Biosystems), 300 μmol/L deoxyadenosine triphosphate,300 μmol/L deoxyguanosine triphosphate, 300 μmol/L deoxycytidinetriphosphate, 600 μmol/L deoxyuridine triphosphate, 200 μmol/L forwardprimer [5′-ccg gcT Acc Tgc ccA TTc], 200 μmol/L reverse primer [ccA GaTcAT ccT gAT cgA cAA G], 100 μmol/L TaqMan probe [6-FAM-AcA Tcg cAT cgAgcg Agc Acg TAc-TAMRA], 3 mmol/L manganese acetate, 0.5 U AmpEraseuracil-N-glycosylase, 7.5 U rTth DNA polymerase, and 10 μl of RNAelution. After initial activation of uracil-N-glycosylase at 50° C. for2 minutes, RT was performed at 60° C. for 30 minutes, followed byinactivation of uracil-N-glycosylase at 95° C. for 5 minutes. SubsequentPCR amplification consisted of 40 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for20 seconds and annealing and extension at 62° C. for 1 minute in an ABI7700 sequence detector. For each PCR run, negative template and positivetemplate samples were used. The cycle threshold value (Ct-value) isdefined as the number of PCR cycles for which the signal exceeds thebaseline, which defines a positive value. The sample was considered tobe positive if the Ct-value Was <50. Results are expressed as genomicequivalents (GE).

Anti-HCV Assay/Replicon Assay—2

-   HCV Replicon Media-   DMEM w/High Glucose (or MEM)-   1× Glutamine-   1× Sodium Pyruvate-   10% Heat Inactivated FBS-   1× Antibiotics    Cell Culture Preparation-   1. Unthaw frozen stock in 10-12 mls of Media-   2. Allow cells to attach before adding G418 (4-6 hrs)-   3. Add G418 for a final concentration of 200 μg/mL (higher amounts    are possible but cells grow slowly)-   4. Split cells 1:4 to 1:6 for optimal growth-   5. In-house replicon seems to maintain Luciferase signal for ˜20    passages    HCV Replicon Assay-   1. Dilute compounds in 100 uL of HCV Replicon Media (without G418).    If compounds are diluted in DMSO add DMSO to media (Final DMSO    concentration should be <1%)-   2. Once cells have reached 80-90% confluency, trypsinize with 1×    Trypsin-   3. Do not over trypsinize. These cells tend to clump if over    trypsinized-   4. For 96 well format add 6,000-8,000 cells per well (G418 is    withheld during compound testing)-   5. Incubate for 3 days at 37° C. Cells should be very close to    confluent.-   6. Remove media and wash cells with 1×PBS-   7. Remove PBS and add 100 μL of 1× Promega Lysis Buffer-   8. Incubate cells at Room Temperature for 5-20 minutes-   9. Add 100 μL of room temperature Luciferase Substrate Solution    (Promega) to Microfluor Black Plate (VWR)-   10. Thoroughly Mix Cell lysate (pipet up and down) before adding to    Luciferase substrate-   11. Add 75 μL of lysate to the Luciferase substrate solution-   12. Read Plate On Top Count (FusionLucB program ˜5 second read)-   13. Left over lysate can be frozen and used for later analysis    Determination of Cytostatic Effect on MDBK Cells

The effect of the drugs on exponentially growing MDBK cells was assessedas follows. Cells were seeded at a density of 5000 cell/well in 96 wellplates in MEM medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and bicarbonate (Life Technologies).Cells were cultured for 24 hr after which serial dilutions of the testcompounds were added. Cultures were then again further incubated for 3days after which the effect on cell growth was quantified by means ofthe MTS method (Promega). The concentration that results in 50%inhibition of cell growth is defined as the 50% cytostatic concentration(CC₅₀)

HCV CC50 Assay Protocol

-   HCV Replicon Media-   DMEM w/High Glucose (or MEM)-   1× Glutamine-   1× Sodium Pyruvate-   10% Heat Inactivated FBS-   1× Antibiotics    Cell Culture Preparation-   1. Unthaw frozen stock in 10-12 mls of Media-   2. Allow cells to attach before adding G418 (4-6 hrs)-   3. Add G418 for a final concentration of 200 μg/ml (higher amounts    are possible but cells grow slowly)-   4. Split cells 1:4 to 1:6 for optimal growth-   5. In-house replicon seems to maintain Luciferase signal for ˜20    passages    HCV Replicon Assay-   1. Dilute compounds in 100 μL of HCV Replicon Media (without G418).    If compounds are diluted in DMSO add DMSO to media (Final DMSO    concentration should be <1%)-   2. Once cells have reached 80-90% confluency, trypsinize with 1×    Trypsin-   3. Do not over trypsinize. These cells tend to clump if over    trypsinized-   4. For 96 well format add 6,000-8,000 cells per well (G418 is    withheld during compound testing)-   5. Incubate for 3 days at 37° C. Cells should be very close to    confluent.-   6. Remove media and add 200 μL of a 0.2 mg/mL MTT solution prepared    in media.-   7. Incubate for 1.5 hours to 2 hours.-   8. Remove media and add 150 μL of DMSO-   9. Mix and incubate for 5 mins at room temperature-   10. Read plate at 530 nm in the plate reader.    Results

The compounds of Examples 2, 3A, 4 and 5 were found to have an EC50 inReplicon assay 2 of, respectively in micromoles, 0.01, 0.02, 0.01 and0.0039, and to have a CC50 in the CC50 assay protocol of, respectivelyin micromoles, 26, 34, 19 and 10.8 (replicate 13.4).

Substantially all of the compounds in Table 1 demonstrated activity ofat least 1 micromolar in an anti-HCV/Replicon assay system. In addition,a number of the compounds also exhibited anti-BVDV activity.

1. A compound having the structural formula (A),

wherein: the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, providedthat no two double bonds are adjacent to one another, and that thedotted lines represent at least 3 double bonds; R¹ is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, aryl, heterocycle, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₁₀thioalkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl-amino, C₁-C₁₀ dialkylamino, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl,C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, wherein each are optionallysubstituted with one or more R⁶; Y is selected from a single bond, O,S(O)_(m), NR¹¹, C₁₋₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene, or C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene,wherein each alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene optionally includes 1 to3 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N; R² and R⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH,—CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, —SH,aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, and heterocycle, or when one of R²⁵ orR²⁶ is present, R² or R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of (═O),(═S), and ═NR²⁷; X is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₀alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene and C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene, where each optionallyincludes one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofO, S, or N, provided any such heteroatom is not adjacent to the N in theimidazopyridyl ring; m is any integer from 0 to 2; R³is a heterocyclesubstituted with one or more R¹⁷, provided that R³ optionallysubstituted with at least one R¹⁷ is not pyridinyl or 5-chlorothienyl;R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH,—CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)OR⁹,—C(═S)R⁹, SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, or heterocycle; each R⁶ isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio,C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkyl, C₂₋₁₈halo-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈halo-alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀cycloalkynyl, halogen, —OH, —CN, cyanoalkyl, —CO₂R¹⁸, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹³, —SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl,aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio, heterocycle and C₁₋₁₈hydroxyalkyl, where each is optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁹;R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, —C(═O)R¹²; —C(═S)R¹², an amino acid residuelinked through a carboxyl group thereof, or R⁷ and R⁸ are taken togetherwith the nitrogen to form a heterocycle; R⁹ and R¹⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, —NR¹⁵R¹⁶,aryl, an amino acid residue linked through an amino group of the aminoacid, —CH₂OCH(═O)R^(9a), and —CH₂OC(═O)OR^(9a) where R^(9a) is C₁-C₁₂alkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₀ alkylaryl or C₆-C₂₀ aralkyl; R¹¹ is selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, aryl, —C(═O)R¹², heterocycle, and anamino acid residue; R¹² is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, or an amino acid residue; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, andan amino acid residue; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone, C₂₋₁₈halogenated alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halogenated alkynyl, C₂₋₁₈ halogenatedalkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ halogenated alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, OH, CN, NO₂, NR⁷R⁸,haloalkyl, C(═O)R¹⁸,C(═S)R¹⁸, SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, CO₂H, CO₂R¹⁸,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy,arylalkylthio, heterocyclic, and C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, where each of saidaryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, arylalkylthio,heterocycle, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl, arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, orarylsulfonamide is optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁹; each R¹⁹is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyloxy,C₂₋₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, —OH, —CN, cyanoalkyl, —NO₂, —NR²⁰R²¹, C₁₋₁₈haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyloxy, —C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═O)OR¹⁸,—OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸, —OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹, —OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹⁸,—SH, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), aryl, heterocycle,C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone, arylsulfoxide, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyloxy,aryloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈ alkyl)oxy, arylthio, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkylthio oraryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl, where each is optionally substituted with 1 or more═O, —NR²⁰R²¹, —CN, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, heterocycle, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl,heterocycle alkyl, heterocycle connected to R¹⁷ by alkyl, alkoxyalkoxyor halogen; R²⁰ and R²¹ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, —C(═O)R¹²,carboxylester-substituted heterocycle, and —C(═S)R¹²; R²⁵ and R²⁶ arenot present, or are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocycle, whereeach is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 4 of C₁₋₆ alkyl,C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halo, —CH₂OH, benzyloxy, and —OH; and R²⁷ is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, and aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl; and salts,tautomers, stereoisomers and solvates thereof.
 2. A compound having thestructural formula (C)

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heterocycle,C₁₋C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋C₁₀ thioalkyl, C₁₋C₁₀ alkyl-amino, C₁₋C₁₀dialkylamino, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and C₄₋₁₀cycloalkynyl, wherein each is optionally substituted with one or moreR⁶; Y is selected from a single bond, O, S(O)_(m), NR¹¹, C₁₋₁₀ alkylene,C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene, or C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene, wherein each alkylene, alkenyleneor alkynylene optionally includes 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, Sor N; R² and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈alkylthio, halogen, —OH, —CN, —NO_(2, —NR) ⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl,—C(═O)R⁹, —C(═S)R⁹, —SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈hydroxyalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, and heterocycle;X is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀alkenylene and C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene, where each optionally includes one ormore heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, or N,provided any such heteroatom is not adjacent to the N in theimidazopyridyl ring; m is any integer from 0 to 2; R³ is aryl, aryloxy,arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl-N(R¹⁰)—, orheterocycle, each of which is optionally substituted with one or moreR¹⁷, provided that for cycloalkenyl the double bond is not adjacent to anitrogen, provided M-Q-R³ is not biphenyl, and provided that R³substituted with at least one R¹⁷ is not pyridinyl or 5-chlorothienyl;R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, halogen, —OH,—CN, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸, haloalkyloxy, haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(9, —C(═O)OR) ⁹,—C(═S)R⁹, —SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ hydroxyalkyl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyloxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, and heterocycle; each R⁶ isindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio,C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfoxide, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkyl, C₂₋₁₈halo-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ halo-alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈ halo-alkoxy, C₁₋₁₈halo-alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀cycloalkynyl, halogen, —OH, —CN, cyanoalkyl, —CO₂R¹⁸, —NO₂, —NR⁷R⁸,C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, —C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹⁸, —SH, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈)alkyl,aryl(C₁₋₁₈ )alkyloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈ )alkylthio, heterocycle and C₁₋₁₈hydroxyalkyl, where each is optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁹;R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₁₋₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, —C(═O)R¹²; —C(═S) R¹², and an amino acidresidue linked through a carboxyl group thereof, or R⁷ and R⁸ are takentogether with the nitrogen to form a heterocycle; R⁹ and R¹⁸ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, —NR¹⁵R¹⁶, aryl, an amino acid residue linked through an aminogroup of the amino acid, —CH₂OCH(═O)R^(9a), and —CH₂OC(═O)OR^(9a) whereR^(9a) is C₁₋C₁₂ alkyl, C₆₋C₂₀ aryl, C₆₋C₂₀ alkylaryl or C₆₋C₂₀ aralkyl;R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, aryl, —C(═O)R¹², heterocycle, and an amino acid residue;R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and an amino acidresidue; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl,C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, and an amino acid residue; eachR¹⁷ is independently MQ- wherein M is a ring optionally substituted withone or more R¹⁹, and Q is a bond or a linking group connecting M to R³that has 1 to 10 atoms and is optionally substituted with one or moreR¹⁹, wherein the linking group is alkylene optionally substituted withoxy or thioester; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₈alkoxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, halogen, —OH, —CN,cyanoalkyl, —NO₂, —NR²⁰R²¹, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyloxy,—C(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═O)OR¹⁸, -OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸, -OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹,-OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸, —C(═S)R¹⁸, —SH, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl), aryl, heterocycle, C₁₋₁₈ alkylsulfone, arylsulfoxide,arylsulfonamide, aryl(C₁₋₁₈ )alkyloxy, aryloxy, aryl(C₁₋₁₈ alkyl)oxy,arylthio, aryl(C₁₋₁₈ )alkylthio or aryl(C₁₋₁₈ )alkyl, where each isoptionally substituted with 1 or more ═O, —NR²⁰R²¹, —CN, C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy,heterocycle, C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl, heterocycle alkyl, heterocycle connectedto R¹⁷ by alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy and halogen; R²⁰ and R²¹ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈alkenyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl, aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkenyl,—C(═O)R¹², and —C(═S)R¹²; and salts, tautomers, and stereoisomersthereof.
 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is isoxazolylsubstituted with one R¹⁷.
 4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound according toclaim
 1. 5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient and a compound according to claim
 2. 6. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein YR¹ is halophenyl or halomethyl-substitutedphenyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein halophenyl isortho-fluorophenyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹⁷ is aryl or aheterocycle further substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R¹⁹.
 9. The compound ofclaim 1, wherein YR¹ is not an unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl.
 10. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein R¹⁹ is trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, alkoxyor halogen.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is aryl or aromaticheterocyle substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R⁶ and wherein R⁶ is halogen,C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy or C₁₋₁₈ haloalkyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein Yis a bond.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from thegroup consisting of —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—,—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂, —(CH₂)₂₋₄—O—(CH₂)₂₋₄—, —(CH₂)₂₋₄—S—(CH₂)₂₋₄—,—(CH₂)₂₋₄—NR¹⁰—(CH₂)₂₋₄—, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylidene, C₂₋₆ alkenylene andC₂₋₆ alkynylene, wherein R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, aryl, —C(═O)R¹², heterocyclic, and an amino acid residue.14. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is methylene.
 15. The compound ofclaim 1, wherein R³is a heterocycle substituted with 0 to 3 R¹⁷.
 16. Thecompound of claim 15, wherein the R³ is an aromatic heterocycle.
 17. Thecompound of claim 16, wherein the heterocycle contains 1, 2 or 3 N, S orO atoms in the ring, is linked to X through a ring carbon atom andcontains 4 to 6 total ring atoms.
 18. The compound of claim 1, whereinR¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkenyl, C₇₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,arylsulfoxide, arylsulfone, arylsulfonamide, arylalkyl; arylalkyloxy;arylalkylthio and heterocycle, each being unsubstituted or substitutedwith 1 or more R¹⁹.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁹ and R¹⁸ areH, OH or alkyl.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵ is H.
 21. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R⁶is halogen.
 22. The compound of claim 1,wherein R⁷, R⁸, R¹¹, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R²⁰, and R²¹ are independently H or C₁₋₁₈alkyl.
 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹² is OH or alkyl.
 24. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R¹⁹ is selected from the group consistingof H; C₁₋₁₈ alkyl; C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl; C₂₋₁₈ alkynyl; C₁₋₁₈ alkoxy;alkenyloxy; alkynyloxy; C₁₋₁₈ alkylthio; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; C₄₋₁₀cycloalkenyl; C₄₋₁₀ cycloalkynyl; halogen; OH; CN; cyanoalkyl; NO₂;NR²⁰R²¹; haloalkyl; haloalkyloxy; C(═O)R¹⁸; C(═O)OR¹⁸;OalkenylC(═O)OR¹⁸; -OalkylC(═O)NR²⁰R²¹; aryl; heterocycle;-OalkylOC(═O)R¹⁸; C(═O)N(C₁₋₆ alkyl), N(H)S(O)(O)(C₁₋₆ alkyl);arylalkyloxy; aryloxy; arylalkyloxy; and arylalkyl; each of which isunsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more ═O; NR²⁰R²¹; CN; alkoxy;heterocycle; haloalkyl- or alkyl-substituted heterocycle; andheterocycle linked to R¹⁷ by alkyl; alkoxyalkoxy and halogen.
 25. Thecompound of claim 24, wherein R¹⁹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, NR²⁰R²¹, alkoxy, halo-substituted alkyl andhalo-substituted alkoxy.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein R²⁵ andR²⁶ are not present.
 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein haloalkyl orhaloalkyloxy is —CF₃ or —OCF₃.
 28. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y isa single bond, and R¹ is phenyl.
 29. The compound of claim 2, wherein Yis a single bond, and R¹ is aryl.
 30. The compound of claim 2, wherein Xis C₁₋C₁₀ alkylene, C₂₋₁₀ alkenylene or C₂₋₁₀ alkynylene.
 31. Thecompound of claim 2, wherein R³ is a heterocyle.
 32. The compound ofclaim 2, wherein R³ is a heterocycle substituted with R¹⁷ where Q is abond and M is aryl.
 33. The compound of claim 2, wherein R³ is isoxazolesubstituted with R¹⁷ where Q is a bond and M is aryl.